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BACB Exam Prep > Experimental Design > Flashcards

Experimental Design Flashcards

1
Q

Experimental Control

A

When a predictable change in behavior DV can be reliably produced by the systematic manipulation of aspect in environment

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2
Q

Behavior is

A

Individual
Continous
Determined-by functional relations
Extrinsic-variable

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3
Q

6 Components of Experiments in ABA

A 
At least one SUBJECT
At least one BEHAVIOR
At least one SETTING
At least one TREATMENT
A measurement SYSTEM
An EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
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4
Q

Experimental Design

A

Brief but specific statement of what researchers want to learn from conducting experiments

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5
Q

At least one SUBJECT

A

ABA uses single-subject designs

Single subject acts as control

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6
Q

At least one BEHAVIOR

A

Some have more than one DV
Multiple DV can show data patterns serving as controls to evaluate and replicate effects on IV
Assess presents of IV’s effect on behaviors

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7
Q

At least one SETTING

A

Control 2 sets of environment variables to demonstrate experimental control; IV and extraneous variables
Hard to control environment in natural settings

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8
Q

At least one TREATMENT

A

Particular aspect of the environment which is manipulates to find affects on behavior

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9
Q

AKA for At least one SUBJECT

A

Single Case Design
Within Subject Design
Intra Subject Design

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10
Q

AKA for At least one BEHAVIOR

A

DV

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11
Q

AKA for At least one TREATMENT

A

IV
Intervention
Experimental Variable

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12
Q

A Measurement System and Ongoing Analysis of Data

A

Observation and recording procedures must be conducted standardized
Must detect changes in level, trend, and variability

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13
Q

An Experimental Design

A

The particular arrangement of conditions in a study so that a meaningful comparison of effects of presence, absence or different values of the IV can be made

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14
Q

2 Types of Experimental Design

A

Nonparametric Analysis

Parametric Analysis

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15
Q

Nonparametric Analysis

A

IV either present or absent during study

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16
Q

Parametric Analysis

A

Value of IV is manipulated. Seeks to discover for the differential effects of a range of values

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17
Q

Treatment Package

A

When multiple IV’s are bundled into one program such as a token economy plus praises plus time-out

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18
Q

Component Analysis

A

Looks for effect of each part of the treatment package

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19
Q

Steady State Responding

A

A pattern of responding that exhibits very little variation in its measured dimensional quantities over a period of time

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20
Q

Baseline Logic

A

Refers to experimental reasoning inherent in single-subject experimental designs
P- Prediction
V- Verification
R- Replication

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21
Q

Steady State Strategy

A

Repeated exposures of a given subject to a condition while trying to eliminate extraneous influences on behavior by obtaining a stable pattern of responding before introducing the next condition

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22
Q

Function of Baseline Data

A

Control Condition

Does not imply the absence of intervention

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23
Q

4 Patterns of Baseline Data

A 
DAVS
Descending
Ascending
Variable
Stable
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24
Q

Descending Baseline

A

Shows behaviors is already changing

Generally should not implement IV when baseline is descending unless you want behavior to increase

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25
Q

Ascending Baseline

A

Shows behavior is changing

Should not implement IV when baselines is ascending unless you want the behavior to decrease

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26
Q

Variable Baseline

A

No clear trend

Wait it out because its due to change in environment

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27
Q

Stable Baseline

A

No evidence of ascend or descend trend

Best way to look at effects of IV on DV

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28
Q

3 Parts of Baseline Logic

A

PVR
Prediction
Verification
Replication

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29
Q

Prediction

A

Anticipate outcome of unknown measurement
Data should be collected until stability is clear
More points better

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30
Q

Verification

A

A previously predicted level of baseline responding by termination or withdrawal of the treatment variable

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31
Q

Replication

A

Is the essence of believability
Shows reliability
Replication accomplished by reintroducing the IV

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32
Q

5 Main Experimental Designs

A 
MCRAW
Multiple Baseline
Changing Criterion
Reversal
Alternating Treatments
Withdrawal
33
Q

Multiple Baseline

A

Most widely used
Flexible
Staggered implementation of the intervention in a step-wise fashion across behaviors, settings, and subjects
Use when reversing is unethical

34
Q

PVR in Multiple Baseline

A

A functional relation requires a change in behavior with the onset of the intervention
Apply IV to Bx1 when you can predict Bx will stay the same
If Bx 1 and 2 remain unchanged this verifies
If do change then its been replicated
Most commonly 3-5 tiers

35
Q

Multiple Baseline Across Bx

A

Two or more Bx of same subject
After steady baseline IV is applied
When steady state of responding to IV is reached then IV is applied to the next Bx

36
Q

Multiple Baseline Across Settings

A

Single Bx two or more settings
Steady baseline- IV applied to first setting
When steady response then IV is applied to next setting

37
Q

Multiple Baseline Across Subjects

A

One target Bx for two or more subjects in the same setting
Steady baseline- IV applied to first subject
When steady response IV is applied to next subject

38
Q

2 Variations of Multiple Baseline

A

Multiple Probe Design
Delayed Multiple Baseline
Inherently weaker

39
Q

Multiple Probe Design

A

Analyze relations b/w IV and acquisition skill sequence

Instead of baselines, probes provide basis for determining behavior change has occurred before intervention

40
Q

Delayed Multiple Design

A

Initial baseline and intervention begin and following baselines are added or delayed
Effective when reversal design is not possible, limited resources, new behavior, subject or setting
Shorter baselines do not show interdependence of DV’s

41
Q

Guide for Multiple Baseline Design

A

Select independent similar baselines
Select concurrent and related multiple baselines
Do not apply IV to next behavior too soon
Vary significantly lengths of baselines
Intervene on the most stable baseline first

42
Q

Advantages of Multiple Baseline Design

A

Successful intervention do not have to be removed
Evaluates generalization
Easy to implement

43
Q

Disadvantages of Multiple Baseline Design

A

Functional relationship is not shown
Effectiveness of IV is demonstrated but information regarding function of Bx
IV may be delayed for certain Bx, settings, subjects
Takes resources

44
Q

Changing Criterion Design

A

Experimental design where initial baseline is followed by;
Series of treatment phases consisting of gradually changing criteria for reinforcement or punishment
Only one Bx
Bx needs to be in subjects rep.
Evaluates step like treatment applied gradually
Technically variation of multiple baseline

45
Q

PVR for Changing Criterion Design

A

Graphs in changing criterion should have lines separating a lot to show a functional relationship
Experimental control is evidenced by extent the level of responding changes to conform to each new criterion
If data do not fall around lines- little control
The greater vertical distance between lines the more control

46
Q

Guidelines for Changing Criterion Design

A

Length of phases
Magnitude of criterion changes
Number of criterion changes
The more criterion changes the better proof of experimental control

47
Q

Advantages for Changing Criterion Design

A

Does not require reversal

Enables experimental analysis within context

48
Q

Disadvantages for Changing Criterion Design

A

Target Bx must already be in rep
Not appropriate for analyzing effects of a shaping program
No comparison design

49
Q

Reversal Design

A

An experimental design in which the responding is reversed to level obtained in previous condition
IV is withdrawn or reversed
Alternation between baseline and particular intervention
Each reversal strengthens experimental control

50
Q

3 Consecutive Phases of Reversal Design

A

Initial Baseline A
Intervention B
Return the Baseline A

51
Q

PVR in Reversal Design

A

Involves PVR
IV is responsible for behavior change if repetition of baseline and treatment approximate the original phases
Solid points- actual measure
Open points- predicted data
Data in shade box- verifies prediction
Data in cross hatched box- data replicates

52
Q

5 Variations of ABAB Design

A 
Repeated Reversals
BAB Reversals
Multiple Treatment Design
NCR Reversal Technique
DRO/DRI/DRA Reversal Technique
53
Q

Repeated Reversals

A

Simple extension of ABAB

More reversals the stronger evidence

54
Q

BAB Reversals

A 
3 Phases
IV
IV removed
IV reintroduced
No baseline
Best design when client displays severe behaviors
55
Q

Sequence Effects

A

Effects on a subjects behavior in a given condition that are the result of the subjects experience with prior condition

56
Q

Multiple Treatment Reversal

A

A type of reversal design that compares two or more IV’s compared to baseline and/or to each other
Can cause sequence effects

57
Q

NCR Reversal Technique

A

An experimental technique for showing the effects of reinforcement by using NCR as a control instead of baseline
Reinforcement presented of fixed or variable schedule

58
Q

DRO/DRI/DRA Reversal Technique

A

Showing effects of reinforcement by DRO, DRA,DRI as a control
DRO- Following any behavior other than target
DRI- Any behavior incompatible
DRA- Any alternative behavior

59
Q

Irreversibility

A

The level of behavior observed in an earlier phase that cannot reproduced even though experimental conditions are the same as they were.

60
Q

Alternating Treatments Design

A

A design in which 2 or more conditions are presented in rapidly alternating succession independent of the level of responding and effects on Bx
Compares to IV’s to one another
Based on SD

61
Q

AKA’s for Alternating Treatments Design

A 
SCAMMM
Simultaneous Treatment Design
Concurrent Schedules Design
Alternating Treatments Design
Multi-Element Baseline Design
Multi-Element Design
Multiple Schedules Design
62
Q

PVR in Alternating Treatments Design

A

Inspection of differences between data paths
Functional relation shown when one data point is higher than another and no overlapping
Degree of differential effects produced by 2 treatments determined by vertical distance between data paths
Each point plays all three roles of PVR

63
Q

3 Variations of Alternating Treatments Design

A

Single Phase w/o Baseline
With Baseline
With Baseline and Final Best Treatment Phase

64
Q

Problems Avoided by Alternating Treatments Design

A 
Irreversibility
Sequence Effects
Unstable Data
No treatment withdrawal
Can begin immediately
65
Q

Disadvantages of Alternating Treatments Design

A

Multiple treatment interference
Limited capacity
Treatments should be different

66
Q

Withdrawal Design

A

Synonymous with reversal design

67
Q

2 Types of Validity

A

Internal

External

68
Q

Internal Validity

A

The extent to which an experiments show changes in behavior are a function of the IV and not uncontrolled variables

69
Q

4 Confounding Threats to Internal Validity

A

Measurement Confounds
IV Confounds
Subject Confounds
Setting Confounds

70
Q

Measurement Confounds

A 
Number and intricacy of behaviors targeting
May occur due to;
Observer drift
Reactivity
Observer bias
71
Q

IV Confounds

A

IV’s are complicated

Can reduce by placebo or double blind control

72
Q

Subject Confounds

A

Maturation

73
Q

Setting Confounds

A

Studies in natural settings are prone to confounding

Bootleg reinforcement can occur

74
Q

Confounding Variables

A

Uncontrolled factor known or suspected to exert influence on the DV

75
Q

Extraneous Variables

A

An aspect of ENVIRONMENT that must be held constant to prevent unplanned environmental variation

76
Q

External Validity

A

Study’s results are generalizable to other subjects, settings, and or behaviors
Functional relation discovered should hold under different conditions
Replication established external validity

77
Q

Treatment Integrity

A

IV is implemented and carried out as planned

78
Q

2 Types of Errors Evaluating ABA Research

A

Type I- False Positive
Type II- False Negative
Visual analysis used in ABA tends to lead more to Type II errors

BACB Exam Prep (32 decks)

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