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medicine year 1 and 2 > foundation 1 > Flashcards

foundation 1 Flashcards

1
Q

about what percent of the plasma membrane is lipids?

A

50

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2
Q

how can facilitated diffusion take place through a membrane?

A

pores/channels (non gated)
gated channels
carriers (uniports)

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3
Q

what are the 2 ways secondary active transport can take place?

A

co-transporters (symporters)-movement of solutes in same direction
counter-transporters (antiporters) movement of solutes in opposite direction.

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4
Q

what are the 4 ways something can move through a membrane?

A

passive diffusion
facilitated diffusion
secondary active transport
primary active transport

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5
Q

what is the driving force of passive diffusion?

A

electrochemical gradient

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6
Q

how do uniporters work?

A

change conformation to move a solute through PM to other side.

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7
Q

how do non gated channels work?

A

integral protein that provides direct access to the cell-like a pore.

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8
Q

what are some examples of non gated channels?

A

porins in bacteria
mitochondrial porins
nuclear pore complex
aquaporins

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9
Q

what are some stimuli that cause gated channels to open?

A

voltage
mechanical
ligand binding

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10
Q

what are some examples of carrier proteins?

A

GLUT1-red blood cells
GLUT2-intestine
GLUT4-skeletal and cardiac muscles

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11
Q

what does flux mean?

A

flow/movement

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12
Q

what is an example of a symporter/cotransporter?

A

Na+/glucose transporter (SGLT)

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13
Q

what is an example of an antiporter/counter transporter?

A

NHE (Na+/H+-sodium proton exchanger)-important for maintaining cytosolic pH.

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14
Q

what are the 4 main types of active transporter?

A

P-type ATPase
F ATPase
V-ATPase
ABC transporters

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15
Q

what type of transporter is CTFR?

A

ABC active transporter

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16
Q

how do active transporters work?

A

domain in transporter protein binds to atp-it hydrolyses-energy released used to create conformational change in in protein which moves solute against conc gradient.

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17
Q

what is p glycoprotein?

A

an important active transporter which moves things out of cells.

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18
Q

why is p glycoprotein important?

A

it’s overexpressed in cancer cells. has a wide range of substrates inc cancer drugs which leads to the drugs having no impact on cancer cells-big issue in multidrug resistant cancers.

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19
Q

how does CTFR work?

A

it’s an active transporter but it uses atp to open a channel and then chloride ions move down their conc gradient.

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20
Q

what happens in the Na+/K+ pump?

A

3Na+ out
2K+ in
(high K+ in the cell and high Na+ outside)

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21
Q

what is ICF?

A

intracellular fluid-the fluid inside cells.

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22
Q

what is ECF and its components?

A

extracellular fluid-fluid outside cells:
plasma volume
interstitial fluid
transcellular fluid

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23
Q

what is plasma volume?

A

fluid not in cells in the blood present in the intravascular compartment.

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24
Q

what is the intravascular compartment?

A

cardiac chambers+blood vessels

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25
Q

what is interstitial fluid?

A

fluid that bathes non blood cells of the body outside intravascular compt.

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26
Q

and is transcellular fluid?

A

ECF trapped in space surrounded by epithelial cells.

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27
Q

what is the total body water?

A

40L-60% of weight

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28
Q

what is the ECF volume in the body?

A

15L-20% of body weight

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29
Q

what is the ICF volume in the body?

A

25L-40% of body weight

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30
Q

what is the interstitial fluid volume in the body?

A

12L-80% of ECF weight (16% of total)

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31
Q

what is the plasma volume in the body?

A

3L-20% of ECF weight (4% of total)

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32
Q

what are the main solutes in the blood and interstitial fluid?

A

Na+, followed by Cl-. much lower-HCO3-.

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33
Q

what are the main solutes in the intracellular compt?

A

K+. followed by organic phosphate. also Mg2+ present but much lower.

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34
Q

what is organic phosphate?

A

an organic compound w a phosphate group attached.

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35
Q

what is cystic fibrosis caused by?

A

absence or error on the membrane channel CTFR.

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36
Q

what is ASL?

A

airway surface liquid-thin layer of watery solution that lies between airway epithelium and gas in lumen of airway.

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37
Q

what percent of mucus is water?

A

95%

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38
Q

what is mucus secreted by?

A

goblet cells and sub mucosal cells.

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39
Q

what happens in the airways of someone w cystic fibrosis?

A

ASL and mucus become dehydrated-mucociliary pathway stops-mucus continues to be secreted and thick layers build up+particles and bacteria collect.

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40
Q

what are some examples of proteins synthesised from free ribosomes in the cytosol?

A

cytosolic proteins
mitochondrial proteins
nuclear proteins
peroxisomal proteins

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41
Q

how to ribosomes know to get to the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

directed by an N terminal ER signal sequence-specific sequence of amino acids on the protein which directs it there.

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42
Q

what is protein translocation in cells?

A

when proteins move between cellular compartments.

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43
Q

what is a residue?

A

refers to a specific monomer within the polymeric chain.

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44
Q

how are proteins transported from the rer to the golgi and other organelles?

A

vesicular transport (in vesicles)

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45
Q

what’s it called when part of the membrane breaks off to form a vesicle?

A

budding.

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46
Q

what is the process of forming vesicles controlled by?

A

vesicle proteins present on the organelle membrane.

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47
Q

what are 3 coated vesicle proteins?

A

COP1 (coat protein 1)-from golgi
COP11-er to golgi
clathrin-all around the place rly

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48
Q

what do chaperone proteins do in the rer?

A

help proteins fold properly then drop off when they’re done.

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49
Q

what are the chaperone proteins that help CTFR fold?

A

calnexin
HSP70
HSP90

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50
Q

what happens to a misfolded CTFR?

A

chaperones stay attached

ER recognises something is wrong-protein undergoes biosynthetic arrest (gets degraded)

51
Q

what mutation causes CF?

A

there are bareee (1900) recognised mutations but most common one is ΔF508-deletion of phenylalanine residue at position 508.

52
Q

what is the basic empirical formula of carbohydrates?

A

(CH20)n

53
Q

what are carbohydrates consisting of 2-10 sugars called?

A

oligosaccharides.

54
Q

what is a monosaccharide?

A

sugar that cannot be hydrolysed to give a simpler sugar.

55
Q

what is a monosaccharide with 3 carbons called, and an example of one?

A

triose, eg glyceraldehyde

56
Q

what is a monosaccharide with 4 carbons called, and an example of one??

A

tetrose, eg erythrose

57
Q

what is a monosaccharide with 5 carbons called, and an example of one???

A

pentose, eg ribose

58
Q

what is a monosaccharide with 6 carbons called, and an example of one???

A

hexose, eg glucose

59
Q

what is a sugar with an aldehyde group called?

A

aldose

60
Q

what is a sugar with a ketone group called?

A

ketose

61
Q

what is lactose made of?

A

galactose+glucose

62
Q

what’s sucrose made of

A

glucose and fructose

63
Q

what’s maltose made of?

A

glucose and glucose

64
Q

what’s maltose the product of?

A

starch breakdown.

65
Q

what breaks down starch in plants?

A

amylase

66
Q

what bonds does glycogen have?

A

mainly a1-4-about every 7-11th glucose theres an a1-6 which forms a branch.

67
Q

what are the major storage sites of glycogen in humans?

A 
liver (20%)
skeletal muscle (80%)
68
Q

what are the 3 classes of glycoproteins?

A

simple (mainly protein)
mucins (mainly carb-components of mucus)
proteoglycans (mainly carb)

69
Q

what is an example of a structural glycoprotein?

A

collagen

70
Q

what is an example of a hormonal glycoprotein?

A

erythropoietin (hormone kidneys produce to stimulate production and maintenance of red blood cells)

71
Q

what is the role of mucus?

A

forms a protective layer on epithelial surfaces.

72
Q

where is mucus found and what does it do there?

A

airways-traps pathogens
digestive tract-lubricates and protects stomach lining from acid
reproductive-cervical mucus prevents infection.

73
Q

what are the 2 types pf glycosilisation?

A

N and O. N is when the sugar attaches to a nitrogen and O to an oxygen of a protein.

74
Q

what is an o-glycan?

A

the sugar group that gets attached to the o of a protein in glycosilisation.

75
Q

what is the function of simple squamous epithelium?

A

absorption, filtration, minimal barrier to diffusion.

76
Q

what are the locations of simple squamous epithelium?

A

capillaries, alveoli, abdominal and pleural cavities.

77
Q

what is the pleural cavity?

A

fluid filled space that surrounds the lungs.

78
Q

what is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

secretion, transportation

79
Q

what are the locations of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

glands and ducts, kidney tubules, covering of ovary.

80
Q

what are the functions of simple columnar epithelium and where is it found?

A

absorption, protection, secretion-digestive tract.

81
Q

what are the 2 different types of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

keratinised

non keratinised

82
Q

what is the function and location of stratified squamous epithelum?

A

protection-skin, mouth, upper throat, oesophagus.

83
Q

what is the function and location of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

absorption and protection-has cilia. upper respiratory tract, trachea.

84
Q

what is the function and location of transitional epithelium?

A

stretchable layer-bladder.

85
Q

what is desquamation?

A

shedding of the outermost membrane or layer of a tissue, eg the skin

86
Q

what is cell polarity?

A

the intrinsic asymmetry observed in cells, either in their shape, structure, or organization of cellular components.

87
Q

how is cell polarity maintained?

A

transcytosis- vesicles carry membrane proteins to correct place on plasma membrane
tight junctions-act as fences against transmembrane diffusion.

88
Q

what are tight junctions?

A

a network of proteins that seal 2 adjacent cells together.

89
Q

how do you stain nuclei?

A

haematoxylin- stains them blue/purple.

90
Q

how do you stain the cytoplasm?

A

eosin-stains it pink.

91
Q

what is the golgi stain?

A

a method using silver nitrate to densely stain an entire single neuron.

92
Q

what are the functions of cilia vs microvilli?

A

cilia: move mucus and remove debris and microorganisms. NOT increase SA.
microvilli: increase SA

93
Q

what are the 3 major salivary glands?

A

parotid
submandibular
sublingual

94
Q

what is a venule?

A

a small blood vessel in the microcirculation that allows deoxygenated blood to return from capillary beds to veins.

95
Q

what are fibrocytes?

A

cells that circulate in the blood and produce connective tissue proteins such as vimentin and collagens I and III.

96
Q

what is the apical region of a cell?

A

the region of a polarized cell that forms a tip or is distal to a base.

97
Q

what do most amino acid sequences start with?

A

M for methionine.

98
Q

what is the crystal structure of a protein?

A

the 3D structure.

99
Q

what does CTFR stand for?

A

Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator

100
Q

on what cells is CTFR present?

A

only present in the specific outside cells which line the epithelial tract-ie the apical cells.

101
Q

what is the secretory pathway?

A

path of secretory proteins to cell membrane where they can be released.

102
Q

what is the entry point of proteins into the secretory pathway?

A

RER

103
Q

what is the SER the site of?

A

lipid and lipid membrane biosynthesis.

104
Q

what type of proteins are translated using free ribosomes (that never go to the RER?)

A

ones that are used inside the cell.

105
Q

what is the relative concentration of Na+ in the plasma, interstitial fluid (ISF) and intracellular fluid (ICF)?

A

a lot in the plasma and interstitial fluid and barely any in the intracellular.
(142, 145, 15mM)

106
Q

what is the relative concentration of K+ in the plasma, ISF, and ICF?

A

a lot in the intracellular fluid and barely any int the plasma or interstitial. (4.5 vs 120mM)

107
Q

what is the relative concentration of Cl- in the plasma, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid?

A

a lot in the plasma and more in the interstitial but a lot less in the cells.
(102, 116, 20mM)

108
Q

what is the relative concentration of protein in the plasma, ISF, and ICF?

A

the ISF has no protein. the intracellular fluid has by far the most (4mM) followed by the plasma (1).

109
Q

what is the osmolality of the different fluid compartments of the body?

A

ALL 290mOsm-said to be in equilibrium. if not, water will move to make them all equal.

110
Q

what are the prefixes describing very tinyyyyy things

A 
milli-10-3
micro-10-6
nano-10-9
pico-10-12
femto-10-15
111
Q

what is a litre in terms of dm3?

A

ONE.

112
Q

what is osmotic pressure?

A

pressure exerted by flow of water across membrane as determined by solute concentrations.
(increased=more water wants to come in)

113
Q

what does low osmolarity mean?

A

hypo-osmolar solution-less solutes-lower osmotic pressure

114
Q

what does high osmolarity mean?

A

hyper-osmolar solution-more solutes-higher osmotic pressure.

115
Q

what’s it called when the 2 solutions have the same osmolarity?

A

iso-osmolar.

116
Q

what is tonicity?

A

conc of solution compared to another one-measure of effect solution has on cells placed in it.
low tonicity=low osmolarity (low conc)

117
Q

what is a hypotonic solution?

A

when the osmolarity of the solution is less than intracellular.

118
Q

what do adhesion proteins do in a cell?

A

attach cytoskeleton to cell membrane.

119
Q

what are the 3 major lipids in the cell membrane?

A

phospholipids
sphingolipids
sterols (cholesterol)

120
Q

what are the 3 most abundant phosphoglycerides?

A

phosphatidylethanolamine
phosphatidylserine
phosphatidylcholine

121
Q

what are the functions of chromosomes?

A

tight packaging of DNA

allow DNA to be accurately distributed between ells during cell division.

122
Q

what is the major and minor premise?

A

major premise: main point. minor premise: something that logically follows that point.

123
Q

what is missfolded CFTR degraded by?

A

the PROTEASOME. NOT the lysosome.

124
Q

what is the site of mRNA processing in eukaryotic cells apparently?

A

the nucleus.

medicine year 1 and 2 (29 decks)

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