case 14 Flashcards
what are the 10 known risk factors for breast cancer?
female sex, increasing age, long interval between menarche and menopause, older age at first full-term pregnancy, obesity, radiation exposure, family history of breast cancer, geographic factors, benign breast disease, mammographic density
what are the features that point towards a malignant lump found in the breast?
poorly defined border, irregular margin, fixed, firm/hard, nipple inversion/retraction/discharge, overlying skin changes
what are the symptoms of breast cancer?
breast pain, breast lump, axillary lump, nipple discharge, nipple changes, breast skin changes, weight loss, bone pain
what’s the substance found in breast milk not found in artificial?
immunoglobulins
what are some local problems a mother can experience when breastfeeding?
engorgement, nipple damage, mastitis, blocked ducts, skin damage
what could happen to the hymen after childbirth?
may develop hymenal caruncles, which are ridges, extra skin, or small growths
why are fats important in the body?
basic constituent of lipid membranes
act as fuel for oxidative metabolism
precursors for important molecules, eg prostaglandins.
describe squamous metaplasia that might be seen in diagnostic cervical screening.
A benign non-cancerous change of epithelium to a squamous morphology. This typically happens at the ectocervix in adolescence and pregnancy.
how do carbohydrates cross the placental membrane?
facilitated diffusion through carrier proteins.
which landmark can be used to facilitate the approximate location of the pudendal nerve?
ischial spine-the pudendal nerve passes over the ischial spine and the sacrospinous ligament.
what is the combined test for down’s syndrome for a 11-13 week old fetus?
nuchal translucency-on US
beta‑human chorionic gonadotrophin
pregnancy‑associated plasma protein‑A
what is milk let-down?
also called milk ejection reflex-reflex that stimulates milk being released into lactiferous ducts.
what is the most common cause of maternal mortality during the postpartum period in the developing world?
obstetric haemorrhage
in cell remodelling, what is the acrosome of the sperm derived from?
the golgi apparatus
what are the main hormonal changes in the puerperium?
drop in oestrogen and progesterone
drop in thyroid hormones
drop in aldosterone
