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medicine year 1 and 2 > case 3 > Flashcards

case 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the PAS stain?

A

stains carbohydrates magenta

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2
Q

what is the role of the fluid inside the peritoneum?

A

helps movement -eg peristalsis, digestion and movements during breathing through abdomen, and limits friction.

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3
Q

what is the duodenum?

A

first part of small intestine, continuous with stomach

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4
Q

what can cause fluid to accumulate in the peritoneum?

A

liver failure

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5
Q

what is ascites?

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity.

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6
Q

how would you describe the glomerulus?

A

a ball of convoluted blood vessels

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7
Q

what does angi- mean in medicine?

A

to do with blood vessels

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8
Q

what is the PCT divided into?

A

early and late segments.

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9
Q

what are some symptoms of AKI?

A 
feeling sick or being sick.
diarrhoea.
dehydration.
peeing less than usual.
confusion.
drowsiness.
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10
Q

what is chronic kidney injury sometimes called?

A

chronic kidney failure

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11
Q

what things contribute to the stage of CKD?

A

GFR, albuminuria

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12
Q

why is GFR measured per 1.73m2?

A

that’s the SA of an average human body.

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13
Q

what is the most common cause of CKD?

A

type 2 diabetes

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14
Q

how does CKD affect the bones?

A

kidneys are a key organ in the regulation of bone metabolism through regulation of calcium, phosphate and vitamin D. People with CKD sometimes find their bones get weaker and thinner. osteoporosis and osteomalacia may result.

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15
Q

what is osteomalacia?

A

refers to a marked softening of your bones, most often caused by severe vitamin D deficiency.

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16
Q

what are the main endocrine functions of the kidney?

A

erythropoietin, vit D, and renin metabolism

17
Q

where does EPO production take place in adults?

A

85% kidney, rest liver.

18
Q

what is the half life of EPO?

A

5 hours

19
Q

when might pain be elicited when the left iliopsoas is flexed?

A

if the left kidney is inflamed.

20
Q

what’s it called when you prescribe broad spectrum antibiotics before getting the culture results back?

A

empirical therapy

21
Q

what is colicky pain?

A

related to spasm of muscles, pain that comes and goes in waves.

22
Q

why do kidney stones cause colicky pain?

A

stone is in the ureter and so ureter squeezing around an obstruction. So when it squeezes they get pain, when it relaxes pain subsides

23
Q

what is a very specific type of pain for kidney stones?

A

loin to groin.

24
Q

what is the most commonly prescribed diuretic?

A

thiazide

25
Q

what is the pH of the body that we need to maintain?

A

7.4

26
Q

what is morrison’s pouch?

A

hepatorenal space

27
Q

what are the structures of the portal triad?

A

portal vein
hepatic artery
bile duct

28
Q

what are the functions of the kidney? (word them exactly how you should in the exam)

A

Excretory (nitrogenous waste and fluid)
Metabolic (homeostasis and acid base balance)
Energy source (gluconeogenesis)
Hormonal (vitamin D and erythropoietin)
Blood pressure/volume control ( via renin angiotensin aldosterone system)

29
Q

what tests are used to determine the susceptibility or sensitivity of microorganisms to antibiotics?

A

Disc diffusion method / Kirby-Bauer method

Broth dilution method/assay

30
Q

what potential space permits the spread of infection between the supracolic and infracolic compartments?

A

Right lateral paracolic gutter

31
Q

what is the form in which iron is transported within plasma?

A

As Fe3+ (ferric) iron bound to transferrin

32
Q

what is epidemiology?

A

the study of how diseases occur in different groups of people and why.

33
Q

what are the aims of public health?

A

prevent disease
improve health
reduce health inequalities

34
Q

what are 4 types of risk?

A

absolute risk
relative risk
odds ratio
attributable risk

35
Q

what is absolute risk?

A

the risk of a patient developing a disease over a lifetime-eg cancer=0.5

medicine year 1 and 2 (29 decks)

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