case 11 Flashcards
what are the 4 main muscles of mastication?
Temporalis
Masseter
Lateral pterygoid
Medial pterygoid
what are the muscles of mastication innervated by?
the Mandibular division of the Trigeminal nerve (CNV3).
the oral cavity can be split into…
the oral vestibule (in front of the teeth)
the oral cavity proper.
what is the arterial supply to the pharynx?
branches of the external carotid artery: Ascending pharyngeal artery Branches of the facial artery Branches of the lingual artery Branches of the maxillary artery
what is the venous drainage of the pharynx?
pharyngeal venous plexus, which drains into the internal jugular vein.
what are the symptoms of recurrent laryngeal nerve damage and why?
weakened/rough voice (hoarsness), loss of voice, changes in voice pitch or pitch range.
muscles responsible for moving the vocal folds are innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve.
what is the main route of transmission for h.pylori?
oral-faecal or faecal-oral.
how does the stomach protect itself from its acid?
anatomical barrier-resistant epithelium-apical membrane and tight junctions between cells in gastric glands are relatively impermeable to H+.
physiological barrier-Mucus gel layer (50-200μm thick overlying mucosal surface); HCO3- microclimate (unstirred layer adjacent to cell surface).
how does peptic ulcer disease typically present?
typically presents with intermittent episodes of nonradiating epigastric abdominal pain (dyspepsia), which is often described as dull or “gnawing.”
what are the factors that can lead to imbalance between mucosal protection and acid secretion?
H pylori
NSAIDs
Alcohol
Smoking
what is gastritis?
Inflammation of the lining of the stomach - Defect ABOVE the muscularis mucosa.
what is a peptic ulcer?
open sore in the lining of the stomach (gastric) or duodenum (duodenal). A breach in the mucosa of the alimentary tract, which extends through (BELOW) the muscularis mucosa into the submucosa or deeper.
what actually is dyspepsia?
a term used to describe a complex of upper gastrointestinal tract symptoms which are typically present for four or more weeks, these include upper abdominal pain or discomfort, heartburn, acid reflux, nausea and/or vomiting.
what is a Mallory-Weiss tear?
refers to bleeding from a laceration in the mucosa at the junction of the stomach and esophagus. usually caused by severe vomiting because of alcoholism or bulimia.
what is metoclopramide?
A medication commonly used to treat nausea and vomiting, but also used with GORD. It works through D3 receptors, promoting release of acetylcholine, which in turn leads to increased lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) and gastric tone, increased intragastric pressure, improved antroduodenal coordination and accelerated gastric emptying.
