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medicine year 1 and 2 > case 8 > Flashcards

case 8 Flashcards

1
Q

what does antibiotic choice for treating cellulitis depend on?

A
  • whether it’s a reccurrent infection
  • contamination level e.g. by seawater
  • site e.g. eyes/nose
  • is it an atypical infection?
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2
Q

what is clostridium?

A

genus of gram +ve bacteria, has many species that are important human pathogens including c.difficile.

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3
Q

what does a maculopapular rash consist of?

A

macules (flat lesions) and papules (solid raised lesions).

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4
Q

how do you classify flat lesions?

A

macules- <1.5cm

patches- >1.5cm

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5
Q

how do you classify solid raised lesions?

A

papules- <0.5cm

plaques- >0.5cm

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6
Q

what family causes measles?

A

Paramyxoviridae family

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7
Q

what is a prodrome?

A

early sign or symptom

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8
Q

what are the prodromes of measles?

A

high fever

3Cs-cough, coryza, conjunctivitis

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9
Q

what family causes rubella?

A

Paramyxoviridae family

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10
Q

what are the (early+later) symptoms of rubella?

A

lymphadenopathy-head and neck

then: maculopapular rash-face→trunk→limbs

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11
Q

what are some other terms for the parvovirus b19 infection?

A

Erythema Infectiosum
Fifth disease
Slapped cheek disease

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12
Q

what are the symptoms of parvovirus b19?

A

prodromes: fever, coryza, nausea
then: slapped cheek rash, maculopapular rash-trunk, arthritis

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13
Q

what are the main things that cause a viral maculopapular rash?

A 
measles
rubella
parvovirus b19
roseola infantum
enteroviruses
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14
Q

what causes roseola infantum?

A

HHV6/7 (human herpes virus)

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15
Q

what is an example of an enterovirus?

A

coxsackie A

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16
Q

wtf is a vesicle?

A

raised, clear, fluid filled lesion <0.5cm

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17
Q

what is a bulla?

A

raised, clear, fluid filled lesion >0.5cm

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18
Q

what does HSV stand for ?

A

herpes simplex virus

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19
Q

what do HSV1 and HSV2 cause?

A

HSV1: oral or genital herpes
HSV2: genital herpes

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20
Q

what are the types of herpes simplex?

A

2 types: HSV1 and HSV2

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21
Q

what diseases does VZV cause?

A

chickenpox and shingles

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22
Q

what does VZV stand for?

A

Varicella zoster virus

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23
Q

who does chickenpox usually occur in?

A

children

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24
Q

who is shingles more common in?

A

adults and immunosuppressed

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25
Q

what is shingles caused by?

A

reactivation of the virus that causes chickenpox-can happen anytime after the initial infection.

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26
Q

what are the main causes of viral vesicular rash?

A

herpes simplex
varicella zoster virus
enterovirus
poxvirus

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27
Q

what is a purpuric rash?

A

red or purple, non blanching

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28
Q

when does Henoch-Schonlein purpura usually occur?

A

childhood

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29
Q

what causes Henoch-Schonlein purpura?

A

IgA immune complexes-present in small blood vessel walls-triggers inflammation.

30
Q

what are the main cutaneous signs of polyarteritis nodosa?

A 
tender papules and plaques
purpura
livedo reticularis
skin necrosis
ulceration
31
Q

what are purpura?

A

purple, non blanching lesions

32
Q

what are some endocrine disorders that can cause skin diseases?

A

diabetic dermopathy
Acanthosis Nigricans
Eruptive Xanthomatosis
Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum (NLD)

33
Q

diabetic dermopathy: cause, where does it happen, treatment?

A

no known cause-associated w damage to small blood vessels+nerves that happens w diabetes
over bony areas
no treatment required

34
Q

what are the causes of Acanthosis Nigricans?

A

visualisation of insulin resistance

also: certain medication, GI cancers

35
Q

what is the cause and treatment of Eruptive Xanthomatosis?

A

uncontrolled type 1 diabetes and raised triglycerides-manage their diabetes

36
Q

who does Eruptive Xanthomatosis often occur in?

A

young men

37
Q

who does Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum (NLD) mainly occur in?

A

women, but it’s v rare.

38
Q

how do you treat Necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum (NLD)?

A

no treatment required unless it’s an open sore.

39
Q

what is a pustule?

A

elevated lesion containing purulent fluid which might be white, yellow or green in colour (pus)

40
Q

what is the time scale for acne drugs?

A

treatments can take up to 8 weeks to work

have to continue them for at least 12 weeks

41
Q

what does teratogenic mean?

A

when a drug/agent can disturb development of a fetus and can cause malformation or even death

42
Q

what are the general side effects of acne medications?

A

dry skin
skin thinning
mood swings
depression

43
Q

what is an extensor surface?

A

area of skin outside a joint-eg front of knee

44
Q

what are flexor surfaces?

A

where folded skin touch-inside a joint-opposite the extensor surfaces. eg back of knee

45
Q

DEFINE infection.

A

Inflammatory response to microorganisms or invasion of normally sterile tissues

46
Q

DEFINE bacteraemia.

A

Presence of bacteria in the blood

47
Q

DEFINE sepsis.

A

life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection

48
Q

what are the criteria for septic shock?

A

persisting hypotension despite fluid correction and vasopressors
hyperlactaemia-serum lactate>2mmol/L

49
Q

why is identifying sepsis important?

A

can be triggered by any infection
as hours without antibiotics goes up, survival rate goes down
rapid progression

50
Q

what are the 3 most common bacterias that cause sepsis?

A

staph aureus
e.coli
pseudomonas spp

51
Q

When a patient goes into septic shock they can have raised blood glucose through the actions of…

A

cortisol
catecholamines
CRP (c reactive protein)

52
Q

in the gram stain, which colour is positive and which is negative?

A

purple=positive

pink=negative

53
Q

what gram type is more susceptible to beta lactams and why?

A

gram positive=because they target the cell wall.

54
Q

what are 2 examples of antibiotics which target the bacterial cell membrane structures?

A

polymyxins

daptomycin

55
Q

what are 2 examples of antibiotics which target bacterial folic acid metabolism?

A

trimethoprim

sulfonamides

56
Q

what are 3 examples of vasopressors?

A

noradrenaline
vasopressin
metaraminol

57
Q

what is the process of increased keratin production and migration toward the external surface called?

A

cornification

58
Q

what is flexural psoriasis?

A

psoriasis found in the folds of ur body.

59
Q

what type of skin has a lower concentration of touch receptors?

A

hairy (thin)

60
Q

what are differences in sensitivity of different parts of skin related to?

A

differences to underlying neurophysiology.

61
Q

where exactly are the Meissner’s corpuscles found?

A

Sitting in the dermal papilla

62
Q

what is the embryological origin of the epidermis?

A

ectodermal

63
Q

what do keratinocytes do?

A

produce keratin (a fibrous protein)

64
Q

what is palmoplantar skin?

A

on palms and soles

65
Q

why is palmoplantar skin so much lighter than nonpalmoplantar skin?

A

melanocyte density is five times lower.

66
Q

what is the most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide?

A

skin

67
Q

what are NMSCs?

A

non melanoma skin cancers-from basal cells (BCC) or keratinocytes (squamous cell carcinoma)

68
Q

what are the 3 key ways transformation into cancer can occur?

A

chemical carcinogens
radiation
viral oncogenes

69
Q

what is a virulence factor of streptococcus pyogenes in the development of sepsis?

A

Protein F-facilitates attachment to various host cells in streptococcus pyogenes.

70
Q

what does seborrheic refer to?

A

the sebaceous glands-diseases characterized by excessive secretion of sebum or an alteration in its quality, resulting in an oily coating, crusts, or scales on the skin.

medicine year 1 and 2 (29 decks)

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