case 5 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a downstream approach to health?

A

treating what happens to the patients (as opposed to preventative). what most doctors do.

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2
Q

what is illness behaviour?

A

how people behave wen they have illness-an important part before they see the doctor.

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3
Q

when did zola make his triggers?

A

1973

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4
Q

what does the TCA cycle stand for?

A

tricarboxylic acid cycle

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5
Q

what can happen to the intermediates of the krebs cycle/

A

some of them when needed can be taken out and used for other reactions inside the cell.

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6
Q

in general, what happens in the krebs cycle?

A

energy from oxidation reactions is being generated and being stored in these electron carriers.

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7
Q

for each glucose/fructose, how many acetyl coAs are going into the Krebs cycle?

A

2

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8
Q

why is fat our main energy store?

A

because it has the highest calorific value.

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9
Q

what is TAG in terms of fat stores?

A

triacylglyceride. same as triglyceride. (or TG or triacylglycerol.) is an ester of glycerol and three fatty acids. the main constituents of body fat in humans.

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10
Q

why do you have a negative nitrogen balance in starvation?

A

you’re breaking down tissue protein for energy.

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11
Q

what are a-ketoacids?

A

acidic compounds that have a keto group adjacent to the carboxylic group in their structure. eg: amino acids without the amino group.

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12
Q

what is ketogenesis?

A

making ketone bodies

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13
Q

what are chylomicrons?

A

transport vesicles which transport fats around the body.

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14
Q

what is VLDL?

A

very low density lipoprotein (lol)

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15
Q

what happens in beta oxidation?

A

fatty acid molecules are broken down to generate acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle, and NADH and FADH₂, which are co-enzymes used in the electron transport chain.

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16
Q

what type of fatty acid is palmitic acid?

A

long chained fatty acid

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17
Q

what is the main product of fatty acid synthesis?

A

palmitic acid-16C

18
Q

what is a mimetic?

A

mimics a drug

19
Q

what is the most commonly inherited defect of fatty acid oxidation?

A

MCADD (medium chain acyl-coA dehydrogenase deficiency)

20
Q

what is the inheritance of MCADD?

A

autosomal recessive

21
Q

what are the symptoms of babies with MCADD?

A
poor feeding
drowsiness
sleepiness
vomiting
low energy
seizures (fits)
22
Q

what are some potential causes of airway obstruction?

A
  • drowsy/unconscious patients for whom the tongue can fall backwards
  • vomit
  • secretions
  • tissue swelling
  • laryngeal oedema
23
Q

what is central cyanosis?

A

generalized bluish discoloration of the body and the visible mucous membranes.

24
Q

what is the CRP test?

A

C-reactive protein test-blood test that levels measures of inflammation.

25
what is tidal volume?
normal volume of air displaced between normal inhalation and exhalation.
26
how can you tell if the heart is enlarged on a CXR?
if the heart is more than 50% the diameter of the chest.
27
why can the brain use ketones but not fatty acids for energy?
ketones can cross the blood brain barrier
28
what's an example of an environmental factor being changed that affects health?
north tyneside council have planning permission restrictions for fast food outlets within a certain distance of schools.
29
what do gastric bands do?
band is placed around your stomach, so you do not need to eat as much to feel full.
30
what does ghrelin do?
produced by ghrelinergic cells in the gastrointestinal tract when the stomach is empty promoting hunger and its release is inhibited when the stomach is stretched (full of food).
31
how does MCADD cause hypoglycaemia?
- results in the accumulation of unusual medium chain fatty acid derivatives that inhibit gluconeogenesic enzymes - also, gluconeogenesis requires energy from fatty acid oxidation and this is does not occur in MCADD as the fatty acids cannot be oxidised properly.
32
what does aldolase b deficiency lead to?
hereditary fructose intolerance.
33
what should you discuss with a patient before taking their blood? (after introducing yourself, checking their ID, and washing your hands)
- Consent - Whether they have fasted/last time of patient eating. - The risks like bleeding and bruising - If the patient has a preferred arm. - If the patient has allergies to plasters/latex - If they have needle phobia or if have ever fainted before while blood was being taken.
34
if you've had a needle stick injury from yourself, what are the immediate steps you need to take?
- Ensure patient is safe - Immediately encourage bleeding by applying pressure around the wound - Wash the area with soap under running water for approximately 5 minutes. - Inform the appropriate staff as an accident form will need to be completed and appropriate action taken.
35
how should you dispose of a used syringe?
put in the clinical waste bin
36
what is the pathological mechanism of type 2 diabetes?
Net insulin deficiency leading to hyperglycaemia (insulin deficiency/ insulin resistance)
37
what are the possible chronic complications of type 2 diabetes?
``` Retinopathy (visual loss) Nephropathy (chronic kidney disease) Neuropathy Amputation Coronary artery disease/ischaemic heart disease Stroke/cerebrovascular disease ```
38
what are the different levels of health prevention and their purpose?
1) Primary prevention - reduce risks of developing disease 2) Secondary prevention – identification and management of early manifestations of disease 3) Tertiary prevention – prevention of the chronic and disabling effects of disease
39
what are the main medications used for basal bolus therapy?
Lantus (glargine) = long acting, onset approx. 2 hours, no real peak, duration 24 hours Novorapid (aspart) = rapid acting, onset approx. 10-15 mins, peak 1-2 hours, duration 3-5 hours
40
is ATP synthase part of the electron transport chain?
no <3