Formative Assessment 2 02.03.23 Flashcards
How can we test cranial nerve II in an unconscious patient?
Observing pupillary constriction in response to light
If cranial nerve I is damaged, what side will anosmia be on?
The ipsilateral side
Anosmia - partial or full loss of smell
How is cranial nerve I commonly damaged?
Fractures to the anterior cranial fossa
Which sinus does the CN III, IV and VI travel through?
The cavernous sinus
Damage to the cranial nerve V causes a loss of which reflex?
Result in loss of the corneal (blink) reflex on the affected side
What runs in close course to Cranial nerve VII?
The muddle ear as it exits the skull via the internal auditory meatus
Where are the nucleus of Cranial Nerve VII?
In the tegmentum
What will happen when CN VIII is diseased?
Rapid eye movements; nystagmus
What will be able to be heard with a tuning fork when CN VIII is completely damaged?
With complete damage, when a tuning fork is placed in the middle of the forehead,
the sound is heard best on the opposite side as the damage
What fibres does Vagus nerve carry?
Parasympathetic to heart, lungs and bowel
Sensory and motor
What information does the spinothalamic tract convey and which side?
Conveys nociceptive information contralaterally up the spinal cord
Where is the spinothalamic tract found?
In the anterolateral white matter of the spinal cord
How can the stiffness of the three ossicles in the middle ear change?
By two muscles of the middle ear:
1. Tensor tympani
2. Stapedius
How does ice cold water affect the semi-circular canals?
Pouring ice cold water in the external auditory meatus can cause convection currents in the semi-circular canals and nystagmus
What is the function of the utricle and saccule?
They signal the position of the head at rest, when no movement (due to gravity)
What are mossy fibres of the cerebellum?
- From pons and cerebral cortex via middle peduncle
- All afferents are mossy fibres, except for those that arise from inferior olivary nuclei
- Carry information from the pontocerebellar pathway and end in granule layer
What are climbing fibres of the cerebellum?
- Come from the olivocerebellar nuclei via the inferior peduncle (inferior olivary nucleus)
- Function: learning new motor actions, motor programme
What is the output of the cerebellar?
Purkinje cells and they are inhibitory (GABA) in nature
What input do purkinje fibres receive?
Input from thousands of parallel fibres (glutamate: excitatory)
What system does the cerebellum receive information from?
The vestibular system
What is the effect of a cerebellar lesion?
Ipsilateral effects
How do olfactory receptors connect to primary gustatory cortex?
They synapse with mitral cells in the olfactory bulb
