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Britain 1865-1915 > Foreign Policy 1885-1901 > Flashcards

Foreign Policy 1885-1901 Flashcards

1
Q

What was the ‘mineral revolution’ in the Transvaal?

A

Finding of gold and diamonds in the Transvaal

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2
Q

How did the mineral revolution impact the Transvaal?

A

Transformed economy; threatened to dominate British colonies in South Africa

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3
Q

Who held most the newfound wealth in the Transvaal?

A

British and German mine owners - ‘Rand millionaires’

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4
Q

What did Chamberlain tell Kruger that strained tensions?

A

That the agreements following the First Boer War had not restored full domestic control to the republic of Transvaal

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5
Q

Who did Chamberlain appoint as High Commissioner for South Africa?

A

Alfred Milner

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6
Q

What did Chamberlain encourage London banks to do in regard to the Transvaal?

A

Deny long-term investment (along with Milner)

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7
Q

What did Milner demand regarding Uitlander citizenship?

A

It to be granted within 5 years

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8
Q

When did Kruger call Milner to a final meeting over Uitlander citizenship?

A

June 1899 in Bloemfontein

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9
Q

What did Kruger propose to Milner in May 1899?

A

Uiltlander citizenship within seven years, in return for British recognition of the Transvaal in domestic matters

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10
Q

What was Milner’s response to Kruger’s May 1899 offer?

A

Declined point blank

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11
Q

What did Kruger say about British policy in South Africa in May 1899?

A

‘It is our country you want’

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12
Q

When did most the Cabinet agree with Milner’s view that Boers needed ‘teaching a lesson’?

A

Autumn 1899

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13
Q

What did Kruger’s telegram on 9 October 1899 demand?

A

British withdrawal from the Transvaal border; or he would declare war (offered to negotiate at an international conference)

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14
Q

What was the British response to Kruger’s telegram?

A

Did not even reply

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15
Q

When did the Transvaal start war on the Cape Colony?

A

11 October 1899

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16
Q

Who advised Kruger that the British could be defeated in a war?

A

Boer generals (especially Smuts)

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17
Q

When was the ‘black week’?

A

December 1899

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18
Q

What happened during the ‘black week’?

A

British lost battles in Stromberg, Magersfontein and Colonso

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19
Q

Where were the British defeated in January 1900?

A

Spion Kop

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20
Q

Who was blamed for humiliating defeats at the start of the Boer War?

A

Generals’ poor leadership and poor planning from War Office

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21
Q

Who did the British send following early defeats in the Boer War?

A

More troops; Lord Roberts (‘hero of the Indian Mutiny’) and Lord Kitchener (‘Hero of the Sudan’)

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22
Q

What happened following the introduction of Kitchener and Roberts?

A

Kimberly, Ladysmith and Mafeking were relieved in quick succession

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23
Q

How was Britain faring in the Transvaal by June 1900?

A

Moving towards victory, Johannesburg and Pretoria were occupied. Kruger and his govt moved to Europe

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24
Q

What was the ‘khaki’ election?

A

Post-Boer War election in October 1900

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25
Q

How did the Boers continue the war after 1900?

A

Gritty guerrilla warfare

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26
Q

What happened in 1901 to the Cape Colony?

A

Invaded by Boers

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27
Q

Who returned to South Africa in 1901?

A

Kitchener

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28
Q

How did Kitchener deal with guerrilla warfare?

A

Split country into zones, divided by barbed wire; ‘scorched earth policy’ which meant burning Boer villages and collecting civilians into concentration camps

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29
Q

What did Campbell-Bannerman call British action in South Africa?

A

‘methods of barbarism’

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30
Q

Which Liberals supported the Boer War?

A

‘Liberal Imperialists’ - Rosebery, Asquith, Grey, Haldane

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31
Q

What did Emily Hobhouse’s report on South African concentration camps say?

A

They were surrounded by barbed wire, 12 prisoners shared a small tent, no sanitation, rations below starvation level

Said army have ‘no humanity’, made a ‘giant mistake’

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32
Q

What did the German Chancellor (Von Bulow) call British concentration camps?

A

‘Brutal and inhuman’

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33
Q

How many died in concentration camps?

A

20,000

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34
Q

When did the British finally send an enquiry into concentration camps?

A

1901

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35
Q

What did Fawcett’s Commission regarding concentration camps say?

A

Recommended improvements such as more nurses and rations - conditions eventually improved

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36
Q

How may troops were required to defeat the Boers?

A

450,000

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37
Q

When/where did the Boer leaders surrender?

A

May 1902 at Veereniging

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38
Q

How many lives were lost in the Boer War?

A

20k British, 25k Boer, 12k African

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39
Q

What were impacts of the Boer War on farms/villages?

A

400k cattle died, farms burned; British agreed to pay for the damage - 63k claims made from Boer farmers

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40
Q

When did Milner agree to import Chinese labour to work in South African mines?

A

1904

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41
Q

What did the Boer War mean for British foreign policy?

A

Revealed untenability of ‘splendid isolation’

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42
Q

When was the Anglo-Japanese Alliance agreed?

A

1902

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43
Q

When was the Anglo-French Entente signed?

A

1904

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44
Q

When was the Anglo-Russian Convention?

A

1907

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45
Q

How did British relations with America change over Venezuela?

A

Accepted American dominance in North America

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46
Q

Who warned of possible German invasion following the Boer War?

A

A Nation at Arms and National Review

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47
Q

Who introduced the scouts and why?

A

Baden-Powell, to instil military values within children

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48
Q

What did the 1907 Haldane Reforms of the Army do?

A

Created fully equipped British Expeditionary Force which could quickly move into battle overseas, volunteer Territorial Army created

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49
Q

What did the Fisher Reforms of the Navy do?

A

Increased naval presence in Europe, created new fleet of ‘unsinkable’ Dreadnoughts

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50
Q

What happened in South Africa in 1910?

A

Transvaal, Orange Free State and Cape Colony grouped into United South Africa (Botha became first PM)

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51
Q

How did the Boer War effect self-governing colonies?

A

Wanted redefinition of ‘colony’ status, 1907 Imperial conference declared dominions could outvote Britain on constitutional relations with Britain - essentially independence

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52
Q

Who was Cecil Rhodes?

A

Cape Colony PM 1900-1906

53
Q

What did Rhodes want for Cape Colony?

A

Control whole of SA, grandiose plans for railway connecting the Cape with Cairo

54
Q

Who was selling armaments to Kruger post-1886?

A

Germans

55
Q

Why were there arguments over Uitlanders?

A

Almost outnumbered Boers yet had no political rights and were taxed heavily - Rhodes looked to stir up anger

56
Q

When was gold discovered in the Transvaal?

A

1886

57
Q

When was the Jameson Raid?

A

December 1895

58
Q

What was the Jameson Raid?

A

Dr Jameson was to lead invasion of Transvaal alongside an Uitlander uprising in Johannesburg - only 500 troops, Uitlanders disorganised, FAILED

59
Q

What were the effects of the Jameson Raid?

A

Kaiser Wilhelm II congratulated Kruger; offended Orange Free State and Cape Boers; Kruger continued to arm heavily

60
Q

What did Uitlanders explain to the Queen in a telegram?

A

Their ‘frightful’ treatment by the Boers

61
Q

Who attempted to mediate between Kruger and Milner following their failed 1889 negotiations?

A

Chamberlain

62
Q

Why were the Boer forces stronger than the British at the start of the Boer War?

A

Double the amount of troops, knew the terrain, had German Krupps artillery and rifles - British War office had sent too many unmounted men who did knot know the terrain

63
Q

How much did Britain give to help rebuild farms?

A

£3 million

64
Q

How much did the Boer War cost Britain?

A

At least £200 million

65
Q

What did the Colonial Office Memorandum of March 1896 call the Transvaal?

A

‘The richest spot on earth’

66
Q

When was Salisbury in charge of British foreign policy?

A

1885-1900 (bar a few months)

67
Q

What did Salisbury think of ‘splendid isolation’?

A

Did not approve, never used the term

68
Q

Where did ‘splendid isolation’ originate from?

A

Canadian MPs praised minimal British involvement in foreign affairs in 1896 - especially George Eulas

69
Q

What was Salisbury’s imperial stance?

A

Wished to keep the empire, but not expand

70
Q

What did Salisbury label British occupation of Egypt?

A

‘A disastrous inheritance’

71
Q

What did the 1884/85 Berlin Conference address?

A

European progress in Africa (15 nations represented)

72
Q

What agreements did Salisbury make regarding Africa?

A

w/ France over Zanzibar and Madagascar, w/ Germany over Zanzibar, Kenya, Uganda (British) and Cameroons, Tanganyika and German SW Africa

73
Q

Why did Salisbury sanction conquest of Sudan?

A

To remove French threat (interested in Sudan, and Sudanese Dervishes threatened British Egypt)

74
Q

When did Britain send troops to Sudan?

A

September 1898

75
Q

What did Kitchener do in September 1898?

A

Defeated Dervishes at Odurman and secured Sudan; humiliated French at Upper Nile a few days later

76
Q

Why did Russia not aid France in the Sudan?

A

Preoccupied in Manchuria; and British had a strong navy in Mediterranean

77
Q

Where did Britain see it a necessity to stem Russian influence?

A

Border states with India - Persia, Afghanistan

78
Q

What was Salisbury’s agreement with America over the Panama Canal?

A

Let America build it alone - withdrew Royal Navy from the West Indies

79
Q

What stance did Britain take over the war over Cuba in 1898?

A

Neutral, despite sympathies for Spain (Spain v America)

80
Q

Why was competitive nationalism a concern for Salisbury?

A

Feared war over empire

81
Q

When was there a rebellion in East Roumelia?

A

1885 - demanded union with Bulgaria and not Turkish control

82
Q

Who backed Turkish control of East Roumelia?

A

Dreikaiserbund

83
Q

What did Salisbury argue regarding East Roumelia and why?

A

That Turks were unable to control the area - Bulgarian control would increase buffer zone between Russia (Buglaria anti-Russian)

84
Q

What did Salisbury say the 1885 rebellion in East Roumelia rendered Turkey?

A

‘Dead’ (private notes)

85
Q

Who helped Britain diffuse Russian threat to invade Bulgaria?

A

Austria

86
Q

How did the Bulgarian Crisis end British isolation?

A

Placed Russia and Austria on opposing sides

87
Q

What German Chancellor encourage Britain to do in 1898?

A

Giving aid to Egypt in opposition to France

88
Q

When was the Mediterranean Agreement signed and what did it mean?

A

1887 - Britain and Italy in loose coalition to preserve Mediterranean power balance

89
Q

When was the Second Mediterranean Agreement signed and what did it mean?

A

End of 1887, Austria joined, now covered Dardanelle Straits and Bulgaria

90
Q

What did Bismarck call Britain?

A

An ‘old, traditional ally’

91
Q

When was the Reinsurance Treaty signed and what did it mean?

A

1887 - Germany, Austria and Russia. Compensation for Dreikaiserbund

92
Q

What did the 1889 Naval Defence Act mean?

A

‘two power standard’ adopted - British Navy to be the size of the next two biggest navies combined

93
Q

What was the 1895 Turkish Crisis?

A

Armenians suppressed by Turk Sultan - told by Europeans to stop. Happened again in Asia Minor a few days later, away from publicity of Constantinople

94
Q

What had Russia done to increase influence near India?

A

1898 railways reached Afghan borders, gaining influence of Persian Shah

95
Q

How did European intervention help China in 1895?

A

Germany, France and Russia prevented very harsh peace settlement with Japan (war 1894-95)

96
Q

When did Germans and Russians seize Chinese land?

A

1897 Germans got Kiao-Chow, 1898 Russians got lease for Port Arthur

97
Q

What did the 1900 Boxer Rebellion provide an excuse for?

A

Russia to send army to Manchuria

98
Q

When was the British-American border dispute over Venezuela/Guiana?

A

1894-95

99
Q

What did USA President Cleveland tell Salisbury?

A

Wanted to arbitrate, talks of invading Canada, Irish Americans volunteer to fight British

100
Q

How long did the Venezuela/Guiana border dispute last?

A

3 years - Britain accepted American influence

101
Q

What happened when Armenians seized a Turkish bank in 1896?

A

Hundreds of Armenians massacred by Sultan’s forces

102
Q

What did Salisbury say following the 1896 massacre of Armenians?

A

Concert of Europe to tell Sultan Abdul Hamid to reform; alternatively encouraged Tsar to remove him

103
Q

Why was France able to ally with Russia in 1894?

A

As Germany rejected renewal of Reinsurance Treaty

104
Q

How did Kitchener fare against the Devirishes at Omdurman?

A

Easy victory - 48 Brits killed vs 12,000 Sudanese

105
Q

What did Chamberlain say in his 1903 Colonial Conference?

A

Aimed to introduce similar import controls to Germany and USA, would bring about 750k new jobs

106
Q

What did Chamberlain do with Australia in 1900?

A

Helped 6 colonies to unite as one federation - they returned the favour by sending troops to fight in the Boer War

107
Q

How did Chamberlain improve foreign public health?

A

Recognised need to tackle ‘new’ tropical diseases (eg tsetse fly and sleeping sickness); helped Patrick Manson to establish the world’s first facility dedicated to tropical medicine in 1899

108
Q

What did Salisbury sanction in West Africa in the late 1890s?

A

Conquest of Ashanti (1895) and annexation of Gold Coast

109
Q

When did Chamberlain resign?

A

1903

110
Q

What was Chamberlain’s ‘British Zollverein’?

A

Free trade zone within the empire - rejected

111
Q

How much African land did the British Control by 1885?

A

32% (France 36%, Germany 8%)

112
Q

How many warships did Britain and Russia have in 1883?

A

Britain 38, Russia 3

113
Q

How many warships did Britain and Russia have in 1897?

A

Britain 62, Russia 18

114
Q

How was China split between Europeans?

A

Spheres of influence - not partitioned

115
Q

What did Chamberlain tell Salisbury about negotiating with Germany?

A

Pointless - ‘Germany will never stand by us against Russia’

116
Q

When did Keiser Wilhelm approve the Navy Bill and the Kiel Canal?

A

Navy Bill 1898, Kiel Canal 1895

117
Q

When did the British and Germans agree on a joint loan to Portugal?

A

1898 (secret clause: if Portugal loses control, Portuguese land would be shared)

118
Q

When was the Committee of Imperial Defence established and what did it do?

A

1902; matters of defence, planning, possibility of war

119
Q

How much of the world’s population and land did Britain control?

A

25% of population, 20% of land

120
Q

When was the Christian uprising in Crete?

A

1896

121
Q

What did the Great Powers do when intervening in Crete by 1896?

A

Germans and Russians wanted to blockade Crete, Britain wanted Cretan autonomy

122
Q

What did tensions in Crete lead to?

A

Greco-Turkish War 1897

123
Q

Who were the Liberal Imperialists?

A

Group of Liberals led by Rosebery who looked to amend Liberal imperial policy

124
Q

What was Rosebery’s view towards British influence in Africa?

A

Supported influence: put down a revolt in Egypt, clashed with France over Ugandan annexation (divided the party)

125
Q

Why was Rosebery unable to consistently pursue his aims in foreign policy?

A

Gladstone’s Foreign Secretary 1892-92 so sometimes overruled; 1894-95 premiership too short and faced Cabinet quarrels

126
Q

What did Cambell-Bannerman want to do when he became Liberal leader?

A

Put differences aside - unable to due to Boer War

127
Q

How did Campbell-Bannerman miss an opportunity to assert authority over Boer War?

A

Tried to mediate between the two factions

128
Q

How many Uitlanders were in the Transvaal by 1899?

A

41,000 ( mostly British)

Britain 1865-1915 (11 decks)

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