Disraeli 1874-1880 Flashcards
1
Q
When was the Factories and Workshops Act?
A
1878
2
Q
What did the Factories and Workshops Act mean?
A
Institutions would be under regular government inspection
3
Q
When was the Artisans Dwellings Act?
A
1875
4
Q
What did the Artisans Dwellings Act mean?
A
Local authorities could purchase and demolish slums to replace them with planned houses - financed by government
5
Q
How many local authorities implemented the Artisans Dwellings Act?
A
10 of 87 (most notably Chamberlain in Birmingham)
6
Q
When was the Public Health Act?
A
1875
7
Q
What did the Public Health Act mean?
A
Contaminated food need be destroyed, infections noted and nuisances removed
8
Q
When was the Sale of Food and Drugs Act?
A
1875
9
Q
What did the Rivers Pollution Act do?
A
Made it illegal to dump waste into waterwas
10
Q
When was the Enclosure Act?
A
1876
11
Q
What did the Enclosure Act do?
A
Protected public right to use common land - restricted ability of landowners to take it. Saved Epping Forest.
12
Q
Why was trade union reform introduced?
A
Opposition to Criminal Law Amendment Act
13
Q
When was the Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act introduced?
A
1875
14
Q
When was the Employers and Workmen Act introduced?
A
1875
15
Q
What did the Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act do?
A
Repealed the Criminal Law Amendment Act
16
Q
What did the Employers and Workmen Act do?
A
Made breach of a contract only punishable by civil penalties
17
Q
When was Lord Sandon’s Education Act passed?
A
1876
18
Q
What did Sandon’s Education Act do?
A
Made attendance compulsory, allowed committees to pay fees (permissive), children couldn’t work without education certificate
19
Q
Why was there economic reform by Disraeli?
A
Very high debt, Regal Commission results, pressure groups (eg. Samuel Plimsoll), insurance fraud by over-loading ships
20
Q
When did Northcote implement his reforms?
A
1874
21
Q
What did Northcote do?
A
Reduced income tax, abolished sugar duties, extended grants for police and asylums
22
Q
When was the Sinbig fund set up?
A
1875
23
Q
Why was the Sinbig Fund established?
A
To reduce debt
24
Q
When was the Friendly Societies Act introduced?
A
1875
25
What did the Friendly Societies Act do?
Attempted to establish registration of societies to improve stabilities
26
When was the Merchant Shipping Act?
1876
27
What did the Merchant Shipping Act do?
Introduced permissive 'Plimsoll line' on ships
28
When was the Unseaworthy Ships Act?
1875
29
When was the Agricultural Holdings Act?
1875
30
What did the Agricultural Holdings Act do?
Gave displaced tenants compensation for improvements on their land
31
When did Disraeli purchase the Khedive of Egypt's share in the Suez Canal?
1875
32
What share of the Suez Canal did Britain hold post 1875?
44%
33
How much did Britain pay for the Suez Canal shares?
£4million (from a Rothschild loan)
34
What advantage did holding shares in Suez bring?
Cheaper imports and exports, established interest in Egypt, easier to transport military to India and the Far East
35
When was the Royal Titles Act?
1876
36
What did the Royal Titles Act do?
Made queen Victoria 'Empress of India'
37
What did Carnavon plan to do in order to strengthen British hold in South Africa?
Group Cape Colony, Natal and Griqualand with Orange Free State and Transvaal
38
What did Transvaal do in 1877?
Agreed to group with British colonies
39
Who disobeyed orders and waged war against Zulus?
Frere
40
What happened at Islandhlwana?
Jan 1879, 1,200 British troops wiped out
41
Where did the British finally defeat the Zulus?
Ulundi
42
Why was the Factory Act introduced in 1874?
Conservative support for the Nine Hour Movement, especially in Lancashire and Yorkshire
43
What did the 1874 Factory Act mean?
Limited working day to 10 hours and week to 56 hours. Children u14 couldn't work full time
44
When was the Royal Titles Act?
1876
45
What did the Royal Titles Act do?
Made Queen Victoria 'Empress of India' and strengthened British interest in India
46
When did the Queen promote Disraeli to Lords?
1877 as Lord Beaconsfield, due to poor health
47
What did Disraeli encourage with the Afghan Amir, Sher Ali?
Good relations
48
When did Russia send a mission to Kabul?
1878
49
What was Lytton ordered to do when the Russians sent a mission to Afghanistan?
Delay military intervention until all diplomatic routes had been tried
50
What did Lytton do about the Russian mission to Kabul?
Chased out their troops
51
When did resentment against the British in Afghanistan turn to violence?
11 September 1879
52
When was the issue of violence in Afghanistan resolved?
After Disraeli left office in 1880
53
When did the British annex Balochistan?
1876
54
When did the British install a pro-British leader in Afghanistan?
1878
55
When was Sir Louis Cavagnari killed?
Sept 1879
56
When were the revolts in the Balkans?
1875, 1876 in Bulgaria
57
What countries did the Balkan Revolts take place in?
Bosnia, Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro
58
What did the 1875 revolts offer?
Opportunity for European intervention
59
When did Disraeli accept the Adrassy note?
1875
60
What was the Adrassy note?
Proposals by Austro-Hungarian PM for Turkish reform in Bosnia
61
Why did the Adrassy note fail?
Turkey failed to cooperate
62
Who issued the Berlin Memorandum?
Dreikaiserbund
63
When was the Berlin Memorandum produced?
13 May 1876
64
When was the Berlin Memorandum signed?
June 1876
65
Who signed the Berlin Memorandum?
Germany, Austria, Russia, France and Italy
66
What did the Berlin Memorandum want?
Reform within the Turkish government
67
Why did Disraeli refuse to sign the Berlin Memorandum?
Officially on grounds that he hadn't been consulted in initial stages of discussion - actually because he was anxious about Russian expansion to the Mediterranean
68
What did Disraeli do in response to the Berlin Memorandum?
Sent British navy to Dardanelle Straits
69
Who sent out troops to attack Christians in Bulgaria?
New Turkish leader, Abdul Hamid
70
What troops did the Turks send to Bulgaria?
Bashi Basouks
71
When were the Bulgarian atrocities carried out?
Summer of 1876
72
What did the atrocities lead to amongst the Slavs?
A rise of Panslav feeling
73
What was the Reichstadt Agreement?
Meant that Russia and Austria would divide the Balkans between them
74
When was the Reichstadt Agreement?
July 1876
75
When was the Constantinople Conference?
December 1876
76
Why was the Constantinople Conference initially successful?
All Great Powers attended, agreed on union of Bosnia under Turkish rule, increased Serbia and Montenegro, self rule to Bulgaria
77
Why did the Constantinople Conference fail?
20th Jan 1977 Turkish Sultan refused the terms, Disraeli refused to put pressure on Turks
78
Who did Salisbury work closely with during Constantinople Conference?
Count Ignatiev
79
What was the result of the Turks rejecting the London Protocol (9th April 1877)?
Russia declared war on them
80
When did Russia declare war on Turkey?
24th April 1877, 'on behalf of Christians'
81
When did Britain warn Russia not to send ships through the Straits?
6 May 1877
82
When was the Treaty of San Stefano?
March 1878
83
What did the Treaty of San Stefano propose?
Doubling the size of Bulgaria
84
What did the Russian minister, Count Shuvalov, call the Treaty of San Stefano?
'The greatest act of stupidity we could have committed'
85
Who negotiated the Treaty of San Stefano for Russia?
Count Ignatiev
86
Why did Britain oppose the Treaty of San Stefano?
Raised possibility of allowing Russian warships into Mediterranean, disrupted European power balance, threatened Turkish Empire
87
Who resigned due to the Treaty of San Stefano?
Lord Derby, Salisbury the new Foreign Secretary
88
When was the Treaty of Berlin?
Mid 1878
89
What did Disraeli do before the Great Powers met in Berlin?
Made secret deals with Russia, Austria-Hungary and Turkey to protect British interest
90
When did Russia agree that Bulgaria should be of smaller size than previously demanded?
30th May 1878
91
When did the Turks give Cyprus to Britain?
4th June 1878
92
When did the Austro-Hungarians accept the reduction in size of Bulgaria?
6th June, in return for their occupation of Bosnia
93
What did Disraeli say he had achieved after the Treaty of Berlin?
'peace with honour'
94
Factors why Disraeli lost the 1880 election?
Timing, party organisation, Disraeli's election campaign, agricultural depression, the 'great depression', imperial/foreign policy, taxes, no 'sectionalism' within liberals
95
What did Disraeli do against the advice from Forwood?
Delayed election til 1880 instead of having it straight away after Treaty of Berlin
96
Why did Disraeli delay the 1880 election?
Due to (misleading) favourable by-election reasults. In Liverpool, the Conservatives held a likely-Liberal seat and in Southwark, Conservatives only won due to split in Liberals (radical vs moderate)
97
When was the National Liberal Federation established?
1877, work of Chamberlain
98
By 1880 election, how many local Liberal organisation were NLF affiliates?
Over 100
99
Who was the NLF secretary?
Francis Schnadhorst
100
When did Gorst resign as Conservative Principal Agent?
March 1878
101
Who replaced Gorst as Principal Agent?
Skene
102
Why was Skene a failure?
Widely criticised due to incompetency - resigned shortly after the election defeat
103
Why didn't Disraeli get involved in 1880 election campaign?
Now Lord Beaconsfield, followed custom that peers shouldn't be involved in campaigns
104
What happened at debates between Liberals and Northcote?
Stafford Northcote was no match for them
105
What happened when Liberals suggested changing land property law?
Attracted farming vote, Farmers' Allianced received pledges of support for almost 60 Liberal candidates
106
How many English county seats did the Conservatives lose in 1880 election?
25
107
What did Disraeli say about the poor economic state?
'Hard times, as far as I can recollect, has been our foe and is certainly the cause of our downfall'
108
When was the Farmers' Alliance formed?
1879
109
How many Conservative seats were lost due to major impacts of Farmer's Alliance?
At least 19
110
When was the London Protocol?
9th April 1877
