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Britain 1865-1915 > Economy 1865-1900 > Flashcards

Economy 1865-1900 Flashcards

1
Q

What percent of the working class were skilled by 1870?

A

About 2%, making £2 per week

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2
Q

By 1871, how much of the population lived in urban areas?

A

65%

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3
Q

When was most the sewerage system in London finished?

A

1866

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4
Q

Who was the chief engineer behind the London sewer system?

A

Joseph Bazalgette

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5
Q

When were Victoria and Albert Embankments opened and what did they do?

A

1870, attempted to conceal sewers, whilst reclaiming land for gardens and roads

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6
Q

What length of sewer pipes was laid in the London sewer system?

A

82 miles

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7
Q

What did the 1868 Torrens Act mean?

A

Bound landlords to keep property in a good state of repair

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8
Q

What did Chamberlain do in Birmingham in terms of housing?

A

Used Artisans Dwellings Act to carry out widespread improvements (both in housing and municipal buildings)

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9
Q

What did the 1871 Trade Union Act mean?

A

That trade unions had legal status, now able to support workers

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10
Q

Who’s economic argument about laissez faire did Bentham and Mill take up?

A

Adam Smith (1766, Wealth of Nations)

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11
Q

How was Smith’s laissez faire adapted in government?

A

Smith talked about non-intervention in trade, the government used it as a policy for non-intervention in social reform too

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12
Q

What was Bentham’s theory of Utalitarianism?

A

‘Greatest happiness to the greatest number’

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13
Q

What was the mantra of Gladstonian Liberalism?

A

‘Peace, retrenchment and reform’

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14
Q

What did the adoption of free trade lead to?

A

Massive increases in the volume of trade, stimulated economic growth

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15
Q

What was the rate of unemployment in 1872?

A

1%

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16
Q

What was the rate of unemployment in 1879?

A

11.4%

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17
Q

What was unemployment in 1886?

A

10%+

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18
Q

What did the 1886 Royal Commission on the Depression of Trade and Industry do?

A

Offered an opportunity of merchants and manufacturers to ventilate their concern over foreign competition

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19
Q

In 1879, what did The Economist describe the year as?

A

‘One of the most sunless and cheerless of the century’

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20
Q

What did Randolph say about British trade in 1884?

A

That it was effected by a ‘moral disease’

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21
Q

When did Italy abandon free trade?

A

1878

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22
Q

When did Germany abandon free trade?

A

1879

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23
Q

When did France abandon free trade?

A

1882

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24
Q

When did the USA abandon free trade?

A

1883

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25
Q

How did British steel production change 1875-1894 (as a percentage of world production)?

A

Fell from 35.9% to 24.6%

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26
Q

How did German steel production change 1875-1894 (as a percentage of world production)?

A

Increased from 16.6% to 21.4%

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27
Q

How did USA steel production change 1875-1894 (as a percentage of world production)?

A

Increased from 26% to 33.7%

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28
Q

What happened to the price of industrial goods 1873-96?

A

Fell

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29
Q

How much did the price of coal and textiles fall 1871-96?

A

Over 30%

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30
Q

How much did coal output rise in the 1880s?

A

23.5%

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31
Q

What was happening to other economies during the ‘Great Depression’?

A

Experiencing same slow down as Britain

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32
Q

What did the ‘Great Depression’ lead to in terms of wages?

A

Rise in real wages

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33
Q

What did Germany and USA utilise to help their rapid industrialisation?

A

Natural resources and manpower of European immigrants

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34
Q

When did the USA overtake Britain in terms of steel and iron production?

A

1890

35
Q

Until when was Britain the biggest producer of coal?

A

1900

36
Q

When did Germany and America introduced protectionist tariffs?

A

Germany 1879 and America 1890

37
Q

What was the ‘scramble for Africa’?

A

Moves by world powers for raw materials, resources and new markets

38
Q

What new industries did Britain not involve themselves with?

A

Chemicals and electrical engineering

39
Q

Why was there a lack of entrepreneurship?

A

‘Third generation syndrome’

40
Q

How did unemployment change 1879 to 1886?

A

11.4% in 1879, down to 2% in 1883, back up to 10% in 1886

41
Q

How did wheat imports change from 1870-1900

A

Increased from 50.4cwts to 85.9cwts

42
Q

How did the number of workers employed in argiculture change 1871-1901?

A

1.6mil in 1871, 1.4mil in 1891, 1.3mil in 1901

43
Q

How did gross agricultural output change 1867-76 to 1894-1903?

A

Fell from 13% to 4%

44
Q

How much did beef, mutton and lamb prices fall by in the 1890s?

A

Beef 11%, lamb and mutton 8%

45
Q

How did agricultural and industrial productivity change 1867-69 to 1886-93?

A

Agricultural productivity grew 15% and industrial productivity grew 23%

46
Q

When were the poor years for weather in agriculture?

A

1873-1879

47
Q

What animal diseases were a concern in 1881-83?

A

Foot and mouth in cattle, liver rot in sheep

48
Q

How did area of cereal crop land change 1872-1913?

A

Fell from 9.6mil acres to 6.5mil acres

49
Q

How did employment on farms change 1871-1901?

A

Fell from 1mil to 600k

50
Q

How did price of wheat change 1874-1910?

A

Fell from 55s/quarter to 33s/quarter

51
Q

Where did cheap food come from and why?

A

Due to railways and steamships. Americas, India, Australia, Canada and Argentina

52
Q

How did the cost of transporting a tonne of wheat from Liverpool to Chicago change 1868-1882?

A

65s in 1868, 24s by 1882 - a low of 17s.

53
Q

How did pasture land change 1872-1913?

A

17.1mil acres to 21.5mil acres

54
Q

When and why was it forbidden to import cattle?

A

1892, govt said it was to control disease, also removed competitioin

55
Q

When was the Eversley Commission?

A

1893-97

56
Q

What did the Eversley Commission say?

A

Urged people to take up dairy and poultry farming or to turn to market gardening - slimmed down the unprofitable cereal sector

57
Q

When did the bicycle industry start up?

A

1869 in Coventry

58
Q

How many firms and employees were there in the bicycle industry by 1879?

A

60 firms with 700 employees

59
Q

Why did the bicycle industry experience a boom after 1885?

A

Innovation (John Kemp Stanley introduced the diamond frame) and dynamic marketing (by 1913 Britain was exporting 150k machines compared to Germany’s 89k)

60
Q

How much of the world dyestuffs market did Germany hold in 1880?

A

90%

61
Q

How did consumption per capita change 1873-96?

A

Increased by 30%

62
Q

Until when did Britain lead world glass production?

A

1880 (then displaced to 3rd)

63
Q

Until when did Britain lead the soap manufacture market?

A

1914

64
Q

How much did real income per head grow per year 1871-80?

A

0.8%

65
Q

How much did real income per head grow per year 1890-1900?

A

1.2%

66
Q

How much did real income per head grow 1900-1910?

A

0.4%

67
Q

How much was GNP growing by per year in 1873?

A

2.8%

68
Q

How much was GNP growing per year in 1900?

A

2%

69
Q

How much was GNP growing by per year in 1910?

A

1.2%

70
Q

How much was industrial output growing per in 1873?

A

3.2%

71
Q

How much was industrial output growing by 1900?

A

2.2%

72
Q

How much was industrial output growing by 1912?

A

1.6%

73
Q

What were British/German/USA growth rates per year (1870-1913) for industrial output?

A

GB - 2.1%, G - 4.1%, USA - 4.7%

74
Q

What were British/German/USA growth rates per year (1870-1913) for GDP per capita?

A

GB - 1.3%, G - 1.8%, USA - 2.2%

75
Q

How much wheat was being imported in 1870?

A

50.4 million cwts

76
Q

How much wheat was being imported in 1890?

A

85.9 million cwts

77
Q

How much wheat was being imported in 1910?

A

102.6 million cwts

78
Q

How much wheat land was there in 1872?

A

3.6 million acres

79
Q

How much wheat land was there in 1895?

A

1.4 million acres

80
Q

How much wheat land was there in 1913?

A

1.8 million acres

81
Q

What was the balance of payments in 1871?

A

£75 million surplus

82
Q

What was the balance of payments in 1890?

A

£88 million surplus

83
Q

What was the balance of payments in 1895?

A

£52 million surplus

84
Q

What was the balance of payments in 1900?

A

£40 million surplus

Britain 1865-1915 (11 decks)

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