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Britain 1865-1915 > Conservative Dominance and Rise of Labour 1885-1905 > Flashcards

Conservative Dominance and Rise of Labour 1885-1905 Flashcards

1
Q

What did the 1888 Local Govt Act mean?

A

Created county councils

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2
Q

When was the Housing of the Working Class Act passed?

A

1890

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3
Q

What did the Housing of the Working Class Act mean?

A

Councils allowed to replaced unsuitable dwellings with councilbuilt ones

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4
Q

When was the Factory Act passed?

A

1890

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5
Q

What did the 1890 Factory Act do?

A

Forbade under 11s working and set a max 12 hour day for women

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6
Q

When was the Allotment and Smallholdings Act passed?

A

1892

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7
Q

What did the Allotment and Smallholdings Act do?

A

Attempted to set up labourers with own land - ultimately failed

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8
Q

What did the 1892-95 Royal Commission say?

A

Nearly 50% of labouring class earned less than 75p/week - ‘survivable rate’ was £1.25/week

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9
Q

How many seats did the Conservatives win in the 1895 election?

A

341 (with support from 70 Liberal Unionists - Liberals: 177, Irish: 82)

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10
Q

How and when were Conservative-Liberal Unionist relations formalised?

A

By 1895, with Chamberlain in the Cabinet

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11
Q

How much was the 1886 electorate increased by the 1884 Franchise Act?

A

Up 3 million (total 6 million)

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12
Q

How many Conservatives were returned to London 1865 vs 1900?

A

1865: 0/75
1900: 67/75

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13
Q

What was ‘Villa Toryism’?

A

Middle class support for Conservatives - disillusioned with radical causes of the Liberals

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14
Q

What did Salisbury push for as a price for the Liberal Franchise Act?

A

Redistribution of Seats Act (1885)

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15
Q

How did the Redistribution Act favour the Conservatives by 1900 election?

A

Conservatives won 51% of votes and held 402 seats; Liberals won 47% of votes and held just 184 seats

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16
Q

Who were plural voters and who did they help?

A

University graduates, managers, teachers etc (~7% of total vote) - voting for Conservatives

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17
Q

Which towns were attracted to Conservative defence policy?

A

Those with a large military presence - Portsmouth and Aldershot

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18
Q

Why did ‘drinking masses’ support the Conservatives?

A

Opposed Liberal drinking reform

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19
Q

Which Conservative associations attracted voters?

A

Primrose League and Conservative Men’s Clubs

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20
Q

When was Captain Middleton appointed Principle Party Agent?

A

1884

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21
Q

How did Cpt. Middleton improve the Conservatives?

A

Advised timing of elections, promoted Primrose League, revamped the National Union, reorganised agents in regions (London had 30 Cons. agents vs 3 Liberals)

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22
Q

What did the Mines Regulation Act 1892 do?

A

Extended regulation of coalmining

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23
Q

When was the Education Act passed?

A

1891

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24
Q

What did the 1891 Education Act do?

A

Abolished school fees (mainly due to Chamberlain)

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25
What did the Agricultural Ratings Act and Diseases of Animals Act do?
Helped farmers and boosted agriculture
26
When did the Boer War start/finish?
October 1899-May 1902
27
How did the Boer War help the Conservatives?
Salisbury decided on the 1900 Khaki Election - landslide victory
28
Which religious group helped Conservatives?
Non-Conformists
29
How many members did the Primrose League have by 1900?
500k
30
Why was Gladstone's resignation a problem?
Liberals had no clear leadership by 1900 - Rosebery was a compromise (weak bills made Liberals seem weak), Harcourt argued poorly on the Boer War; succeeded by Campbell-Bannerman
31
How did Home Rule split the Liberals?
Factions left, meant party was dominated by radicals, made to seem a single issue party through 1890s
32
How did poor finances cause a burden on the Liberals?
Could not contest 114 seats in 1895; and 138 seats in 1900
33
How did the National Liberal Federation hinder the Liberals?
Often rejected working class candidates - could not win without working class votes
34
When was the Local Govt Act?
1888
50
Why did the people want an alternative to Conservatives and Liberals?
Liberals (esp Gladstone) focused on Europe, Salisbury dominated by foreign policy
51
How were New Unions different to Craft Unions?
Had members from multiple trades
52
What was the yearly fee for New Union membership?
1d
53
When did Craft Unions join New Unions in giving support for the LRC?
Following the 1901 Taff Vale Judgement
54
Who was appointed the first General Secretary of the LRC?
Ramsay McDonald
55
When did James Kier Hardie and John Burns become MPs that would help form ILP?
1892
56
What was Kier Hardie's vision for reform?
Eight hour day, end child labour, unemployment an sickness insurance, inheritance tax
57
Who formed the Fabian Society?
Beatrice and Sydney Webb
58
What was the Fabian Society's view on socialism?
Would come naturally, rather than through armed revolution
59
Which Marxist works were influential to British socialists?
Communist Manifesto, Das Kapital
60
Who set up the Socialist Society?
Morris
61
Who set up the SDF?
Hyndman
62
Why was socialism generally limited?
Widely seen as too extreme
63
Where did the ILP first emerge?
Bradford in 1893
64
What did Kier Hardie say about ILP relations with Labour?
Would stand on its own feet - determined not to be the 'poor relation' of the Liberals
65
How did Labour fare in the 1895 election?
Not one of the 28 candidates won their seat; including Kier Hardie and Burns
66
How did Hardie attempt to broaden the appeal of the ILP?
Worked with TUs, recruited new members, encouraged women's movements
67
Why did Hardie struggle to gain support from TUC?
TUC dominated by Craft Unionists who clung onto outdated self-help and laissez faire ideology - refused endorsement of ILP for several years running
68
How had the TU movement changed by 1899?
Mass New Unions with low-paid unskilled workers had become well organised, with a network of branches- ever growing membership
69
How had the Craft Unions changed by 1899?
Feared they'd lose control of TUC; allowed unskilled membership, coming around to socialist ideas and noticed need for social reform
70
When was the Taff Vale Case and what happened?
1900 - railway strike on Taff Vale Railway received backing of Amalgamated Society of Railway Workers. Railway company sued the union for £23,000 damages
71
When was the Taff Vale Judgement and what was its impact?
1901 - Unions afraid to strike for better conditions in fear of being sued, financial problems could break unions. Increase in support for LRC
72
Why did the LRC benefit from the Taff Vale Judgement?
People turned to them as they saw need for them to protect legal rights of TUs
73
What was said at the 1899 Annual Conference of TUC?
Voted by a small majority to hold a conference of labour groups and societies to discuss how to increase parliamentary representation
74
When was the LRC formed?
February 1900
75
Who formed the LRC?
Union reps, LRC, local Labour parties, co-op societies, SDF, Fabians, Socialist League
76
When was the LRC renamed as the Labour Party?
1905
77
What deal did Labour strike with the Liberals in 1903?
Wouldn't stand against each other in certain constituencies
78
How many seats did Labour win in 1906 election?
29
79
How many TU leaders were standing for office in local elections in 1896?
600
80
How much of the work force was in TUs 1880/1914?
1880: 5% 1914: 25%
81
How did TU membership change 1889-91?
Doubled
82
The Match Girls' Strike?
July 1888
83
What happened in the Match Girls' Strike?
Women in Bryant and May match factory protested poor conditions and low page
84
Who led the Match Girls' Strike and what did she do?
Annie Besant, wrote article entitled 'white slavery'
85
When was the Gas Workers' Union strike?
July 1889
86
Who led the Gas Workers' Strike of 1889?
Will Thorne (SDF), established General Labourers Union, 200k members quickly
87
What were the Gas Workers protesting for?
3x 12 hour shifts instead of 2x 12 hours
88
What was the result of the Gas Workers' Strike?
Metropolitan Gas Company immediately agreed to terms. Led to better pay and conditions. Led to increased TU membership and stronger TU power
89
When was the Dockers' Strike?
August 1889
90
What were the Dockers protesting?
5d/hour wage, 'call-on' clause, wanted rid of the 'plus' system
91
Who led the Dockers' Strike?
Tillett, Mann and Burns - West India Dock workers
92
How long did the Dockers' Strike last and who aided them?
5 weeks - £30k aid from Australian TU supporters
93
What was the result of the Dockers' Strike?
Solution reached with help of London Mayor and Cardinal Manning. Wages up and General Labourers Union formed with 30k members
94
What did Ben Tillett say about New Unionism and TUs?
'The beginning of an alliance between the TU movement and the socialist movement that would form the Labour Party'
95
When was Balfour's Education Act?
1902
96
What did Balfour's Education Act do?
Established state responsibility for secondary education. Old school boards abolished (1870 Act), Local Education Authorities now responsible for finances
97
Why were people angry over the 1902 Education Act?
Nonconformists angry that Church schools received funding from local rates
98
What were the successes of the 1902 Education Act?
Allowed working and middle class children to benefit from education above elementary level for small fee. Ultimately created secondary school system
99
What was 'Chinese Slavery'?
Balfour's sanctioning of Chinese workers to rebuild the Transvaal (paid for by Rand miners)
100
How many Chinese workers were brought to the Transvaal?
63,000
101
Why were there comparisons of the Chinese workers to slaves?
Isolated from local population, single sex living - yet got paid significantly more and were far better off than in China
102
When was there a protest over Chinese Slavery?
1904 in Hyde Park (80k people)
103
What was Balfour's approach to TUs?
Largely overlooked - ignored calls for amendments to the 1901 Taff Vale Judgement
104
When was there a dispute over tariff reform?
1903
105
What did Chamberlain base his tariff reform view on?
Imperial Preference, wanted to counter economic decline
106
What did Chamberlain see revenue from tariffs being used for?
Education, navy and an alternative to raising direct taxation
107
When did Chamberlain speak out against free trade?
May 1903 in Birmingham
108
When did Balfour speak about removing tariffs on wheat?
May 1903 (same day as Chambo in Bham)
109
When did Chamberlain resign?
September 1903
110
When was Balfour's Education Act?
1902
111
What did Balfour's Education Act do?
Established state responsibility for secondary education. Old school boards abolished (1870 Act), Local Education Authorities now responsible for finances
112
Why were people angry over the 1902 Education Act?
Nonconformists angry that Church schools received funding from local rates
113
What were the successes of the 1902 Education Act?
Allowed working and middle class children to benefit from education above elementary level for small fee. Ultimately created secondary school system
114
What was 'Chinese Slavery'?
Balfour's sanctioning of Chinese workers to rebuild the Transvaal (paid for by Rand miners)
115
How many Chinese workers were brought to the Transvaal?
63,000
116
Why were there comparisons of the Chinese workers to slaves?
Isolated from local population, single sex living - yet got paid significantly more and were far better off than in China
117
When was there a protest over Chinese Slavery?
1904 in Hyde Park (80k people)
118
What was Balfour's approach to TUs?
Largely overlooked - ignored calls for amendments to the 1901 Taff Vale Judgement
119
When was there a dispute over tariff reform?
1903
120
What did Chamberlain base his tariff reform view on?
Imperial Preference, wanted to counter economic decline
121
What did Chamberlain see revenue from tariffs being used for?
Education, navy and an alternative to raising direct taxation
122
When did Chamberlain speak out against free trade?
May 1903 in Birmingham
123
When did Balfour speak about removing tariffs on wheat?
May 1903 (same day as Chambo in Bham)
124
When did Chamberlain resign?
September 1903

Britain 1865-1915 (11 decks)

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