Fluids and Irrigation Solutions

Question 1

What are the fluids two distinct compartments?

Answer 1

Intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid

Question 2

What plays and important part in the sodium-potassium pump and also activates enzymes required to break down adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

Answer 2

Magnesium

Question 3

Function is osmotic pressure, nerve impulse transmission?

Answer 3

Sodium (NA+) (electrolyte)

Question 4

What are the two electrolytes with the particular importance to surgery?

Answer 4

Calcium and Potassium

Question 5

What is involved in blood-clotting process, neurotransmitter release, muscle contraction, and cardiac function?

Answer 5

Calcium

Question 6

Too much calcium?

Answer 6

hypercalcemia

Question 7

Too little calcium?

Answer 7

hypocalcemia

Question 8

Too much Potassium is called?

Answer 8

hyperkalemia

Question 9

Too little Potassium is called?

Answer 9

hypokalemia

Question 10

Normal potassium levels

Answer 10

3.5 to 5 mEq/L

Question 11

Why is Potassium and Calcium imbalance of special concern in surgical patients?

Answer 11

Because of increased risk of cardiac arrhythmias or arrest when a general anesthetic is administered.

Question 12

What is it called when there is too much sodium in the body?

Answer 12

hypernatremia

Question 13

What is it called when there is too little sodium in the body?

Answer 13

hyponatremia

Question 14

What is the component Normal saline (0.9%) abbreviation?

Answer 14

NaCl, NS

Question 15

What is the component Ringer lactate abbreviation?

Answer 15

RL

Question 16

What is the component Sodium chloride abbreviation?

Answer 16

NaCl

Question 17

What is the component Dextrose abbreviation?

Answer 17

D

Question 18

What is the agent of choice for fluid replacement or simple hydration and one of the most common IV fluid used in surgery?

Answer 18

Sodium chloride (NaCl) in a 0.9% solution (isotonic)

Question 19

Dextrose 10% in normal saline (D10NS) is used for what?

Answer 19

Replenish nutrients and electrolytes

Question 20

What is used for temporary treatment of circulatory insufficiency and shock due to hypovolemia, in the absence of a plasma extender, and for early treatment with plasma for loss of fluid due to burns?

Answer 20

D5NS (Dextrose 5% normal saline)

Question 21

Why isn’t dextrose used in conjunction with transfusion of blood products?

Answer 21

Because it causes hemolysis of blood cells

Question 22

What are used to treat the massive loss of water and electrolytes seen in uncontrolled vomiting or diarrhea? Also the composition of these solutions is similar to the plasma portion of blood.

Answer 22

Plasma-Lyte and Isolyte E

Question 23

What is a protein responsible for transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the cells?

Answer 23

hemoglobin (contained in erythrocytes)

Question 24

What provides protection against foreign microbes by phagocytosis and antibody production?

Answer 24

Leukocytes

Question 25

What medicates the clotting process?

Answer 25

Platelets

Question 26

Contains Neither A nor B antigens (in RBC) and Anti-A and anti-B antibodies

Answer 26

Type O

Question 27

What patients can receive red blood cells from all blood types?

Answer 27

O-

Question 28

What is the most common indication for blood replacement in surgery?

Answer 28

hypovolemia

Question 29

What may be administered when clotting factors are needed in addition to circulating volume?

Answer 29

Plasma

Question 30

What are administered in surgery when large amounts of donor blood have been used to replace the patient's volume?

Answer 30

Platelets

Question 31

What is it called when a patient can donate their own blood prior to surgery?

Answer 31

autologous

Question 32

What are used to increase the total volume of body fluid when hypovolemia occurs?

Answer 32

Volume expanders

Question 33

What expands plasma volume by drawing fluid from the interstitial space to the intravascular fluid space?

Answer 33

Dextran

Question 34

What is used prophylactically for thrombosis and embolism?

Answer 34

Dextran

Question 35

What is available in concentrations of 5% which is equal to plasma, or as a concentrated 25% in sodium chloride solution?

Answer 35

Albumin

Question 36

What is also a synthetic used for its osmotic properties?

Answer 36

Hetastarch (Hespan)

Question 37

normal hemoglobin for adult females

Answer 37

12 to 16 g/100mL

Question 38

normal hemoglobin for adult males

Answer 38

14 to 18 g/100mL

Question 39

1.5% is a sterile nonconducting fluid used to irrigate body cavities?

Answer 39

Glycine

Question 40

Major electrolytes

Answer 40

Sodium, Chloride, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphate, Bicarbonate, Sulfate, and Carbonic Acid

Question 41

Components of Blood

Answer 41

Formed Elements (45%) - erythrocytes (RBC), leukocytes (WBC), and platelets (clotting). Plasma (55%)

Question 42

Clumping of red blood cells

Answer 42

Aggulation

Question 43

any fluid that can be given IV can be given through this line that stops at superior vene cava

Answer 43

central line

Question 44

peripherally inserted central catheter

Answer 44

PICC line

Question 45

measures percentage of RBC's in blood

Answer 45

Hematocrit Test

Question 46

patients on ________ need ________ checked before surgery?

Answer 46

diuretics; potassium level

Question 47

what is the normal potassium range?

Answer 47

3.5-5.0

Question 48

what does isotonic solution mean?

Answer 48

it has the same salt as cells and blood in the body

Question 49

what is the other (2nd most common) solution used in surgery?

Answer 49

Lactated Ringers

Question 50

when can autotransfusion not be used?

Answer 50

when there are cancer cells present, infection, or gross contamination

Question 51

If hyperkalemia is left untreated what can occur/

Answer 51

Ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation (can lead to death)

Question 52

This ECG pattern is consistent with which electrolyte abnormality?

Answer 52

Hyperkalemia, peaked T weaves