Antibiotics Flashcards
The term antimicrobial applies to
antibacterials, antiprotozals, antifungals and antiparasitics. Also drugs such as sulfa and mercury
bacteria are the cause of what?
SSI’s
antimicrobial agents are used in surgery and are called?
antibacterials
what are antibacterials more commonly known as?
antibiotics
antibiotics means what?
anti-without. bios=life antibiotics=without life
what is the most common cause of SSI’s?
staphlococcus aureus
where does staphlococcus aureus live?
on healthy skin
antibiotics are used in surgery to
help prevent SSI’s and to treat infections caused by bacterial pathogens
antibiotics can be prescribed?
peroperatively, intraoperatively or postoperatively
what does SCIP stand for?
Surgical Care Improvement Project
what are the 5 proper uses of antibiotics?
-the proper selection of antibiotic
-the correct timing of administration before incision
-the proper discontinuation after surgery
-the proper identification of the person administering
-and the proper documentation and verification of the antibiotic
what are antibiotics derived from?
natural chemicals
other antimicrobials such as sulfa’s and flouro’s are derived from?
labs made by chemical synthesis
pathogens must have what to cause an infection?
a source, means of transmission, and a susceptible host
the source for a pathogen to cause an infection can be?
endogenous or exogenous
from the patients own bacteria
endogenous
from an outside source other than the patient
exogenous
what is used to identify pathogens?
gram stains and culture and sensitivity tests
the study of shapes of bacteria
morphology
what are the three types of shapes bacteria can be?
bacilli, cocci, and spirals
what shape are bacilli bacteria?
rods
what shape are cocci bacteria?
round
what shape are spiral bacteria?
spiral
what is a culture and sensitivity test?
it grows the microbes to determine what antibiotics will kill them
what does aerobic mean?
with oxygen
what does anaerobic mean?
without oxygen
what type of gram stain is the result when the cell wall takes up pink?
gram negative
what type of gram stain is the result when the cell wall takes up purple?
gram positive
what inhibits cell wall action?
cephalosporins, penicillins, and vancomycins
single celled organisms, without a nucleus, have small ribosomes, and have a cell wall as a plasma membrane
prokaryotes
multicellular, have a nucleus and plasma membrane and large ribosomes
eukaryotes
what does bactericidal mean?
kills bacteria
what does bacteriostatic mean?
inhibits growth of bacteria
what does broad spectrum mean?
there is a wide range of activity
what do broad spectrum antibiotics usually have an effect on?
both gram positive and gram negative bacteria
what are the major groups of antibiotics within the beta-lactam class?
penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems
what antibiotic was the first true antibiotic?
penicillins
what are cephalosporins?
a broad spectrum antibiotic
what are cephalosporins used for?
prophylaxis
what are examples of bacteriostatic agents?
erythromycins and tetracyclines
developed by WHO, is a tool that can be used to help ensure compliance with established standards for antibiotic administration, checklist has three sections.
Surgical Patient Checklist
the ability of some strains of pathogenic microbes to prevent or withstand the activity of antimicrobial agents
Antibiotic Resistance
S. Aureus strains resistant to all penicillins. Difficult to treat with first line agents.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
enteric (digestive tract) bacteria developed resistance to vancomycin
Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus (VRE)
may be prescribed before dental or other medical procedures to prevent bacterial infection to the heart (endocarditis) in patients with prosthetic heart valves.
Penicillins
Ancef & Kefzol (first generation cephalosporin)
cefazolin
Bactericidal. Interfere with protein synthesis by binding to bacterial (prokaryotic ribosomes) and create small holes in bacterial cell membrane causing leakage.
Major adverse effects include nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity.
Amingoglycosides
used topically only in the form of drops or ointment due to significant adverse effects associated with systemic absorption.
Neomycin
available in an ophthalmic preparation under the trade name Tobrex
Tobramycin
first broad spectrum antibiotics, originally obtained from cultures of Streptomyces. Bacteriostatic in action, bind to bacterial ribosomal subunit, interfering with protein synthesis.
Used to treat acne and rickettsial infections.
Tetracyclines
toxic or harmful to the kidney
Nephrotoxicity
Toxic or harmful to the ear
Ototoxicity
What are major adverse effects of aminoglycosides?
Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity
Who discovered penicillin?
Alexander Fleming
Tetracylines are…
a.) bactericidal
b.) bacteriostatic
c.)narrow spectrum
d.) antibiotic resistant
B.) Bacteriostatic
Commonly used for urinary tract infections…
a.) Tetracyclines
b.) Cephalosporins
c.)Macrolides
d.) Fluoroquinolones
D.) Fluoroquinolones
Affinity for bone. Treatment of osteomyelitis
Cleocin(Clindamycin)
Prophylaxis for colorectal procedures.
Flagyl (Metronidazole)
Commonly used in irrigation.
Bacitracin
Treatment of nasal staph aureus.
Bactorban Nasal (mupirocin ointment 2%)
A topical antimicrobial agent containing sulfa and silver salts that is used in dressings for burn patients
Silvadene (Silver sulfadiazine)
Trade name of Cefazolin
Ancef
Trade name of Gentamicin
Garamycin, Jenamicin
Trade name of Cephalexin
Keflex
Trade name of Cefoxitin
Mefoxin
Trade name of Benzathine penicillin G
Bicillin
Trade name of Ciprofloxacin
Cipro
Trade name of Ofloxacin
Floxin
Trade name of Silver sulfadiazine
Silverdine
Trade name of Clindamycin
Cleocin
Trade name of Metronidazole
Flagyl
Trade name of Vancomycin
Vanocin
Trade name of Neomycin and polymixin B
Neosporin GU
Trade name of Mupirocin
Bactroban
Trade name of Bacitracin
Bacitracin
