Emergency Situations

Question 1

What is defined as impaired breathing from constriction and inflammation of the bronchi?

Answer 1

Bronchospasm

Question 2

What are the two most pertinent emergency situation to the SFA?

Answer 2

cardiac arrest and malignant hyperthermia

Question 3

What is critical to prevention of bronchospasm before and during airway management and intubation?

Answer 3

The depth of anesthesia

Question 4

What are B-adrenergic agonists used to treat Bronchospasm and may be aerosolized (nebulized) and administered via the ET tube?

Answer 4

Albuterol (Proventil, Ventolin)

Question 5

If bronchospasm persists corticosteroids such as ___ may be delivered in aerosolized form, but are usually given intravenously.

Answer 5

hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, or dexamethasone

Question 6

What is a severe, systemic allergic reaction in a susceptible person caused by a second exposure to a triggering agent?

Answer 6

Anaphylaxis

Question 7

What is a mild sign of allergic reaction that is hives or raised skin patches?

Answer 7

urticaria

Question 8

Under general anesthesia what is the first sign of anaphylaxis?

Answer 8

hypotension

Question 9

Neosynephrine agents that may be used to treat hypotension associated with allergic reactions include?

Answer 9

Ephedrine or phenylephrine

Question 10

Mild allergic transfusion reaction is treated as any mild reaction previously discussed.

Answer 10

Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)

Question 11

What occurs when ABO-type-incompatible blood or blood products are administered?

Answer 11

Hemolytic transfusion reaction

Question 12

Patients are most at risk for laryngospasm if they are?

Answer 12

lightly anesthetized at the time of extubation

Question 13

What is characterized by a high-pitched “crowing” sound (called stridor) on inspiration?

Answer 13

Laryngospasm

Question 14

If the spasm does not respond to positive pressure ventilation, and pulse oximetry shows oxygen desaturation, a 0.1 to 2 mg/kg dose of the depolarizing muscle relaxant ___ will be administered intravenously?

Answer 14

succinylcholine (Anectine)

Question 15

Defibrillator paddles are placed on the patient’s chest by who?

Answer 15

Either physician, physician’s assistant, surgical first assistant, or registered nurse

Question 16

What are cardiac resuscitation drugs?

Answer 16

Epinephrine (Adrenalin), vasopressin (Pitressin), amiodarone (Cordarone), lidocaine (Xylocaine), magnesium sulfate, and sodium bicarbonate

Question 17

What is used to treat metabolic acidosis, which is frequently seen in cardiac arrest?

Answer 17

Sodium bicarbonate

Question 18

What is a local anesthetic that also has anti-arrhythmic effects?

Answer 18

Lidocaine (Xylocaine)

Question 19

What are agents that relax smooth muscle cells in blood vessel walls, reducing blood pressure and enabling less restricted blood flow to vital tissues

Answer 19

Vasodilators

Question 20

Agents know to trigger MH are?

Answer 20

succinylcholine (Anectin) and all inhalation anesthetics except nitrous oxide

Question 21

Rapid increase in body temperature?

Answer 21

pyrexia

Question 22

The earliest sign presented is an increase in end-tidal carbon dioxide.

Answer 22

Clinical signs of MH

Question 23

A skeletal muscle relaxant developed specifically to treat MH, is administered intravenously?

Answer 23

Dantrolene sodium (Dantrium)

Question 24

Perspiration, especially profuse perspiration

Answer 24

diaphoresis

Question 25

Agents that increase blood pressure

Answer 25

vasopressors

Question 26

Why do you hyperventilate with O2 for MH treatment?

Answer 26

to blow off CO2

Question 27

Treat hyperkalemia

Answer 27

Insulin (MH)

Question 28

Rapid IV administration of a concentrated dose of medication is known as a _____________________.

Answer 28

Bolus

Question 29

Bluish discoloration of the skin

Answer 29

Cyanosis

Question 30

List the six treatment steps for Malignant Hyperthermia)

Answer 30

1. Hyperventilate - 100% O2
2. Dantrolene
3. Sodium bicarbonate
4. Temperature management
5. Diuretics
6. Insulin

Question 31

1. Sudden, unexpected loss of cardiac function, breathing, & consciousness.
2. Called “code blue”.
3. Anesthesia monitors airway & breathing; Circulator assists with compressions (under the sterile drape).
4. Treatment: Succinylcholine is administered via IV.
5. Epinephrine, Vasopressin, & Amiodarone may be administered as needed.

Answer 31

Cardiac Arrest

Question 32

Patients with asthma may be treated with oral or inhaled steroids. Proeperative breathing treatments may include b-adrenergic agonists such as ______ (Provental, Ventalin). It may be administered via the ET tube.

Answer 32

Albuterol

Question 33

Mixing of incompatible donor red blood cell antigens and recipient antibodies causes ______. This is an example of a Hemolytic transfusion reaction.

Answer 33

hemolysis

Question 34

To help treat Laryngospasm ______ ____ pressure is administered by masked ventilation with chin-lift in an effort to break a partial spasm, but may actually make a complete spasm worse.

Answer 34

positive airway