Emergency Situations Flashcards
What is defined as impaired breathing from constriction and inflammation of the bronchi?
Bronchospasm
What are the two most pertinent emergency situation to the SFA?
cardiac arrest and malignant hyperthermia
What is critical to prevention of bronchospasm before and during airway management and intubation?
The depth of anesthesia
What are B-adrenergic agonists used to treat Bronchospasm and may be aerosolized (nebulized) and administered via the ET tube?
Albuterol (Proventil, Ventolin)
If bronchospasm persists corticosteroids such as ___ may be delivered in aerosolized form, but are usually given intravenously.
hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, or dexamethasone
What is a severe, systemic allergic reaction in a susceptible person caused by a second exposure to a triggering agent?
Anaphylaxis
What is a mild sign of allergic reaction that is hives or raised skin patches?
urticaria
Under general anesthesia what is the first sign of anaphylaxis?
hypotension
Neosynephrine agents that may be used to treat hypotension associated with allergic reactions include?
Ephedrine or phenylephrine
Mild allergic transfusion reaction is treated as any mild reaction previously discussed.
Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
What occurs when ABO-type-incompatible blood or blood products are administered?
Hemolytic transfusion reaction
Patients are most at risk for laryngospasm if they are?
lightly anesthetized at the time of extubation
What is characterized by a high-pitched “crowing” sound (called stridor) on inspiration?
Laryngospasm
If the spasm does not respond to positive pressure ventilation, and pulse oximetry shows oxygen desaturation, a 0.1 to 2 mg/kg dose of the depolarizing muscle relaxant ___ will be administered intravenously?
succinylcholine (Anectine)
Defibrillator paddles are placed on the patient’s chest by who?
Either physician, physician’s assistant, surgical first assistant, or registered nurse
What are cardiac resuscitation drugs?
Epinephrine (Adrenalin), vasopressin (Pitressin), amiodarone (Cordarone), lidocaine (Xylocaine), magnesium sulfate, and sodium bicarbonate
What is used to treat metabolic acidosis, which is frequently seen in cardiac arrest?
Sodium bicarbonate
What is a local anesthetic that also has anti-arrhythmic effects?
Lidocaine (Xylocaine)
What are agents that relax smooth muscle cells in blood vessel walls, reducing blood pressure and enabling less restricted blood flow to vital tissues
Vasodilators
Agents know to trigger MH are?
succinylcholine (Anectin) and all inhalation anesthetics except nitrous oxide
Rapid increase in body temperature?
pyrexia
The earliest sign presented is an increase in end-tidal carbon dioxide.
Clinical signs of MH
A skeletal muscle relaxant developed specifically to treat MH, is administered intravenously?
Dantrolene sodium (Dantrium)
Perspiration, especially profuse perspiration
diaphoresis
Agents that increase blood pressure
vasopressors
Why do you hyperventilate with O2 for MH treatment?
to blow off CO2
Treat hyperkalemia
Insulin (MH)
Rapid IV administration of a concentrated dose of medication is known as a _____________________.
Bolus
Bluish discoloration of the skin
Cyanosis
List the six treatment steps for Malignant Hyperthermia)
- Hyperventilate - 100% O2
- Dantrolene
- Sodium bicarbonate
- Temperature management
- Diuretics
- Insulin
- Sudden, unexpected loss of cardiac function, breathing, & consciousness.
- Called “code blue”.
- Anesthesia monitors airway & breathing; Circulator assists with compressions (under the sterile drape).
- Treatment: Succinylcholine is administered via IV.
- Epinephrine, Vasopressin, & Amiodarone may be administered as needed.
Cardiac Arrest
Patients with asthma may be treated with oral or inhaled steroids. Proeperative breathing treatments may include b-adrenergic agonists such as ______ (Provental, Ventalin). It may be administered via the ET tube.
Albuterol
Mixing of incompatible donor red blood cell antigens and recipient antibodies causes ______. This is an example of a Hemolytic transfusion reaction.
hemolysis
To help treat Laryngospasm ______ ____ pressure is administered by masked ventilation with chin-lift in an effort to break a partial spasm, but may actually make a complete spasm worse.
positive airway
