Basic Pharmacology Flashcards
We use what from Animals to provide a source for drugs?
Hormones
Thrombin (thrombogen) is made from
cattle
what comes from the urine of pregnant horses?
Conjugated estrogen (Premarin)
What is an example of an antacid made from minerals?
Calcium (tums), magnesium hydroxides (mylanta)
What is an example of an antimicrobial made from minerals?
Silver salts (silvadene cream)
How are synthetic drugs made?
In chemical laboratories from chemicals
Most common drugs are either made as
Synthetic or Semisynthetic
Humulin is
Human insulin
Nutropin is
Human growth hormone
Thyrogen is
Human thyroid-stimulating
How are biotechnology drugs given?
By injection only
What are the four drug classifications?
Therapeutic action, physiologic action, affected body system, and chemical type.
define therapeutic action
what the drug does for the patient
define physiologic action
what the drug does in the body
define affected body system
what the drug affects
define chemical type
what the drug is
“An” means
without
“esthesia” means
sensation
“anesthesia” means
without sensation
Why does the DEA require specific information on a script?
For controlled substances
what does PRN stand for
When needed
what are the four drug FORMS?
Solid, Semisolid, Liquid, Gases
what FORM is rarely used in the OR?
Solid
What does freeze dried and powders require to make a solution?
Sterile water or saline
What are the liquid FORMS?
Solutions, suspension, and emulsion
What is suspension
a drug undissolved in liquid
What is emulsion?
a mixture of water and oil bound together with an emulsifier
What are examples of gases?
Nitrous oxide (N20) and suprane (desflurane)
cap=
capsule
ggts=
drops
soln=
solution
susp=
suspension
tab=
tablet
ung=
ointment
What are the two drug administration routes?
Enteral and parenteral
What is a parenteral route?
Any route other than by way of the digestive tract
What administration route is absorbed slowly through the skin or absorbs rapidly when applied to blood supply or mucus membrane?
Topical (parental)
What administration route is injected beneath the skin layer in the subcutaneous tissue?
Subcutaneous
What administration route are given in large muscle masses?
Intramuscular
intravenous=
absorbs directly into the bloodstream
Interthecal=
into spinal subarachnoid space
The study of how the body processes drugs
Pharmacokinetics
The amount of drug that reaches the site of action depends on
the patients circulatory system
All drugs eventually make it where?
To the liver.
The study of how drugs exert their effects on the body on both molecular and physiological levels
pharmacodynamics
what is an agonist?
an attraction
multiple drugs can do what?
cancel each other out to reduce each others effects
what is an antidote for a patient on warfarin that is over anticoagulated?
Vitamin K
What cancels out the effects of warfarin?
Vitamin K
the time between onset and disappearance of drug effect
duration
predictable but unintended effects of a drug
side effect
An undesired potentially harmful side effect of drugs
adverse effect
an adverse effect resulting from previous exposure to the drug or similar drug.
hypersensitivity
another type of adverse effect. Rare, unpredictable and unavoidable
idiosyncratic effect
a drug that enhances the effect of another drug
synergist
a reason or purpose for giving the medication
indication
a reason against giving a medication
contraindication
the time between administration of a drug and the first appearance of the effects
onset
BID=
twice per day
q=
every
qh=
every hour
q2h=
every 2 hours
qid=
four times a day
PO=
by mouth
KVO/KTO=
keep vein open/to keep open
sos=
once if necessary
Drugs that are synthesized from laboratory chemicals. ex. penicillin was extracted from mold
Synthetic drugs
the process by which a drugs chemical composition is changed usually occurs in the liver.
biotransformation (metabolism)
Factors affecting biotransformation? Liver “health” ex. cirrhosis and first-pass effect (where most of the drug is broken apart by the liver before its activated)
Biotransformation may also take place in plasma, lungs, GI tract, or kidneys.
drugs being given all at once as opposed to by flow infusion
bolus
What is the most common emulsion used in surgery?
Propofol (Diprivan)
what are 3 variations of the topical route?
- Instillation into a mucous membrane BY eye, nose, urethra
ex.) tetracaine (Pontocaine) - eyes
* oxymetazoline (Afrin) - nasal cavity
* lidocaine (Xylocaine) jelly - numbs urethra - Inhalation, ex. inhaling anesthetic gases or asthmatic drugs - inhaler
- Contrast media - chromotubation (pushed into blood stream)
