Final: mole rats, diabetes, vampire bats, stroke Flashcards
vampire bats experience what after a blood meal because they have to take off with a lot of blood in their bellies
rapid kidney functional change
after eating ADH low –> lose water –> take off
in the bat cave the bat does what (from returning from blood meal)
digestion –> no water available –> ADH high –> saves H2O
how does ADH work
hypothalamus detects high blood osmolarity –> release ADH
ADH activates G-protein –> cAMP –> more vesicles with aquaporins to conserve water
kangaroo rat adapations
burrow in day
retain respiratory water and metabolic water
dehydrated feces
very concentrated urine by ADH, long loop of Henle
what causes stroke
lack of blood flow to the brain from blockage or bleeding
the blood brings O2 and nutrients that the neuron needs to make ATP (neurons don’t store nutrients)
what happens to neurons in stroke
reduced ATP so Na/K pump stops working and resting potential depolarizes
voltage-gated channels (Na/Ca) open –> vesicles release glutamate –> bind receptors –> depolarize
essentially in neurons low ATP –> less ________ uptake –> more ____________
glutamate, depolarization
two types of glutamate receptors
AMPA
NMDA
AMPA receptors and NMDA receptors are also permeable
AMPA: Na+ in –> more depol
NMDA: Ca in
effects of glutamate binding AMPA/NMDA receptors
excitotoxicity –> inflammation, swelling of neurons from too much ion uptake
ROS cause mitochondrial damage and even less ATP (Ca –> NO)
Ca stored, released, and even more glutamate release
net effect of stroke on neurons
cell death by apoptosis and necrosis
damage in neurons spreading from _____ point
focal point
the naked mole rate neurons are ____ damaged by low O2
not damaged
naked mole rate basics
live 30 yes and never get cancer
tunnel system with low O2 and high CO2
mole rat adaptation to living in low O2
higher Hb O2 affinity
more RBC per unit volume
lower metabolic rate
