Final: mole rats, diabetes, vampire bats, stroke Flashcards
vampire bats experience what after a blood meal because they have to take off with a lot of blood in their bellies
rapid kidney functional change
after eating ADH low –> lose water –> take off
in the bat cave the bat does what (from returning from blood meal)
digestion –> no water available –> ADH high –> saves H2O
how does ADH work
hypothalamus detects high blood osmolarity –> release ADH
ADH activates G-protein –> cAMP –> more vesicles with aquaporins to conserve water
kangaroo rat adapations
burrow in day
retain respiratory water and metabolic water
dehydrated feces
very concentrated urine by ADH, long loop of Henle
what causes stroke
lack of blood flow to the brain from blockage or bleeding
the blood brings O2 and nutrients that the neuron needs to make ATP (neurons don’t store nutrients)
what happens to neurons in stroke
reduced ATP so Na/K pump stops working and resting potential depolarizes
voltage-gated channels (Na/Ca) open –> vesicles release glutamate –> bind receptors –> depolarize
essentially in neurons low ATP –> less ________ uptake –> more ____________
glutamate, depolarization
two types of glutamate receptors
AMPA
NMDA
AMPA receptors and NMDA receptors are also permeable
AMPA: Na+ in –> more depol
NMDA: Ca in
effects of glutamate binding AMPA/NMDA receptors
excitotoxicity –> inflammation, swelling of neurons from too much ion uptake
ROS cause mitochondrial damage and even less ATP (Ca –> NO)
Ca stored, released, and even more glutamate release
net effect of stroke on neurons
cell death by apoptosis and necrosis
damage in neurons spreading from _____ point
focal point
the naked mole rate neurons are ____ damaged by low O2
not damaged
naked mole rate basics
live 30 yes and never get cancer
tunnel system with low O2 and high CO2
mole rat adaptation to living in low O2
higher Hb O2 affinity
more RBC per unit volume
lower metabolic rate
mole rate evolutionary NMDA receptor adaptation from neonates
let less Ca in and are less sensitive to O2 deprivation
adult mole rates have what glutamate receptor
a lot of GluN2D
the subunit allows less Ca in so less depol in stroke
mole rat brain slices vs mouse
Ca sensitive dye in neurons to obeserve levels of hypoxia
mice inc Ca when hypoxic
mole rat less Ca when hypoxic
basically what saves mole rat neurons in hypoxia
NMDA receptors (with infant subunit GluN2D) that allow less Ca in
proposed drug idea to help adults with stroke
quickly upregulate infant GluN2D NMDA subunit in brain
type 1 diabetes
autoimmune destruction of insulin producing beta cells of the pancreas
type 2 diabetes
not enough insulin produced by beta cells
insulin resistance
high blood sugar
mole rat no cancer contact inhibition
very long chain hyaluronan keeps cells far apart
mole rat no cancer proteins and damaged DNA
accurate protein synthesis
cells stop dividing when DNA abnormal
DNA repair methods
