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Animal Physiology > Ch 7. Part 1 (Book) > Flashcards

Ch 7. Part 1 (Book) Flashcards

1
Q

______ organs provide the only channels of communication from the external world to the nervous system

A

sensory organs

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2
Q

what 2 main places is sensory input gathered from and where is it processed?

A

the environment

within the body

processed by the nervous system

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3
Q

sensory reception begins in _____ containing sensory receptor cells

A

organs

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4
Q

are sensations a subjective or objective experience?

A

subjective

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5
Q

when do sensations arise

A

when signals captured by sensory receptor cells are transmitted through the ns to parts of the brain that interpret them

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6
Q

what 2 things do you have to consider when describing sensory physiology

A

the properties of the sensory receptor cells

how the ns processed the information

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7
Q

evolution of sense organs

A

from single receptor cells to organs with the cells are arranged and have accessory structures

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8
Q

what is the advantage of having sensory organs vs. single receptor cells

A

more accurate analysis of stimuli

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9
Q

what is a modality

A

a type of sensation

ex. light or tough

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10
Q

5 modalities

A

vision

touch

hearing

taste

smell

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11
Q

what is a quality?

A

the feature that characterizes stimuli within a modality

ex. red or blue light

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12
Q

what does an interoceptive receptor sense

A

responds to signals within the body

not a conscious process

ex. chemical/thermal state of the body

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13
Q

what does a proprioceptor sense

A

positions of muscles and joints

type of interoceptive receptor

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14
Q

where does sensation begin

A

the part of the membrane of sensory receptor cells that is specialized for reception

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15
Q

what is the important feature of any stimulus

A

ability to modify the conformation of the receptor cell

requires energy

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16
Q

are some sensory receptor cells neurons?

A

yes

ex. vertebrate photoreceptors and touch receptors

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17
Q

are some sensory receptor cells epithelial cells?

A

yes

ex. taste receptors and hair cells in the vertebrate inner ear

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18
Q

2 pathways a receptor cell sends a signal to the CNS

A

depolarizing receptor potential –> spike-initiating zone –> APs

release of neurotransmitter resulting from a depolarizing or hyperpolarizing potential

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19
Q

2 different types of cells that use APs to transmit signal

A

invertebrate sensory neurons have soma far away from CNS

vertebrate sensory neurons have the soma close to the CNS

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20
Q

receptor cell that transmits signals using nt

A

receptor cell forms a chemical synapse with a neuron

a depolarizing/hyperpolarizing curent spreads to the presynaptic region and releases nt

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21
Q

primary afferent neuron

A

the neuron whose axon carries the signal to the CNS

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22
Q

2 general features of a sensory receptor cell

A

they are highly selective for a specific kind of energy

the reason for this modality selectivity is that the receptor is specialized to amplify that type of signal

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23
Q

transduction

A

process of a receptor cells turning stimulus energy into the energy of a nerve impulse

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24
Q

rhodopsin is a visual _____ that contains the protein _____, coupled to the light-absorbing molecule _______

A

pigment, opsin, retinal

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25
general pathway of signal transduction
receptor cell is stimulated --> conformational change in receptor --> amplification of signal --> alteration of ion channels (opening or closing)
26
each sensory receptor cell _______ a specific form of stimulus into a membrane current that changes the ________ _______ of the receptor cell
transduces, membrane potential (Vm) of the receptor cell
27
3 basic events of a receptor cell
detection of a sensory stimulus amplification of the stimulus encoding the stimulus into electrical signals
28
threshold of detection
the weakest stimulus that produces a response in a receptor cell 50% of the time
29
why is the response time of a receptor cell important?
so it can convey information about rapidly changing stimuli accurately
30
receptor proteins have a common structure
7 transmembrane a-helices associated with a G-protein
31
what typically amplifies the sensory signal
an enzyme cascade
32
does detection of all sensory modalities use G-proteins
no, some like salt and sour tastes just use ion channels salt Na+ sour K+
33
can a single receptor cell report the quality of the stimulus
no, this requires patterns of activity in many receptor cells ex. a single photoceptor cannot tell if light is red or blue
34
many mechanisms involving sensory adaptation involve what ion
Ca2+
35
what does a stretch receptor sense
muscle length ex. abdomen of crayfish
36
experiment involving stretch receptors in crayfish
microelectrode inserted into soma to detect APs found frequency of APs depended on strength of stretch
37
experiment to find what the source of the APs from stretch receptors in crayfish
small stretch --> small depolarization (receptor potential) larger stretch --> larger depolarization found stretch caused pos ions to flow into the cell to depolarize
38
what does TTX do
blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels, which blocks APs but not receptor potentials ex. in stretch receptors for crayfish
39
phasic receptors
produces APs only during one part of stimulation, usually the beginning or ending or both can't convey info about duration of stimulus
40
tonic receptors
fire APs for the duration of stimulus can convey info about the duration of stimulus
41
is receptor current regenerative?
no - spreads through the cell electrotonically (decrementally)
42
is receptor current and receptor potential graded?
yes
43
generator potential
when a receptor potential spreads to the spike-initiating zone and affects AP generation
44
dynamic range of a receptor cell or organ
encoding stimuli over a limited range of intensity below the range the receptor doesn't respond above the range the response is saturated
45
3 factors that set the maximum response a receptor can produce to a strong stimulus
finite # of ion channels --> upper limit of current flow upper limit of amplitude of receptor pot b/c it cannot exceed the reversal pot of the receptor current upper limit of AP frequency b/c refractory period sets time before another AP is sent
46
within the dynamic range, the amplitude of the recptor potential is proportional to the _______ of the stimulus intensity
logarithm this is maintained when the signal reaches the CNS
47
why can sense organs function over large dynamic ranges
tranduction has a broad dynamic range sensory adaptation neuronal networks can extend the dynamic range of the system past the abilities of single receptor cells
48
equation for how change in stimulus intensity affects amplitude of receptor potential
delta I / I = K I = stimulus intensity K = constant
49
recruitment
when an increasingly powerful stimulus triggers more and more receptors that are less sensitive
50
range fractionation
single receptors only cover a portion of the dynamic range
51
example of range fractionation
vertebrate eye rods are more sensitive to light and respond to dimmer stimuli cones respond to bright light that would saturate the rods
52
sensory adaptation
changes of percieved intensity when the intensity of the physical stimulus has not changed
53
do tonic receptors exhibit sensory adaptation?
not really, they fire APs continuously
54
do phasic receptors exhibit sensory adaptation
yes, they adapt quickly sometimes they only generate APs when the stimulus intensity is changing
55
sensory adaptation in mechanoreceptors
the receptor or accessory structures filter info from transient stimuli
56
sensory adaptation cause in photoreceptors
the visual pigment gets bleached and must be metabolically regenerated before it responds again
57
sensory adaptation enzyme cascade
may be inhibited by an intermediate or buildup of product
58
sensory adaptation electrical properties
activation of receptors may diminish b/c buildup of Ca in the cell goes up during stim activates Ca-dependent K channels that shifts Vm toward resting potential
59
sensory adaptation spike-initiating zone
becomes less excitable during sustained stimulation
60
sensory adaptation CNS
adaptation takes place in higher order cells in the CNS
61
6 types of sensory adaptation
receptor/accessories filter (mechano) receptors get run down (photo bleached) enzyme inhibition electrical properties change by inc Ca spike initiation zone desensitized higher-order cells in CNS
62
ex. pacinian corpuscle sensory adaptation
area of sensitive receptor memb. surrounded by layers of conn tissue layers filter out prolonged stimulus (like clothing) only get a response at the onset and offset of stim (putting on and taking off clothing)
63
in the absence of stimuli, some receptors produce ____________ APs or release nt
spontaneous small increase in stimulus energy increases rate of firing or shortens intervals of APs stimulus can also decrease frequency
64
why is there modulation of the base AP firing
allows the receptors to be more sensitive to changes in stimuli than if they had to bring a completely inactive spike-initiating zoe to threshold allows receptor to convey info about the polarity of stimulus (ex. if hair moved one direction freq inc, if in opp direction freq decreased.)
65
efferent control of receptor sensitivity in crayfish/lobster abd stretch receptors
efferent axons innervate the sense organ itself fairly constant tension on muscle so sensitivity is maintained efferent inhibitory axons synapse the receptor cells to decrease receptor pot when active
66
feedback inhibition of crustacean abd stretch receptors
receptor activity produces signals that inhibit the receptors themselves via efferent inhib nerves (autoinhibition) if inhibits anterior/posterior neighbors (lateral inhibition)
67
purpose of feedback inhibition of receptors
keeps AP freq within the max freq range set by refractory period

Animal Physiology (26 decks)

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