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Animal Physiology > Ch 14. Final Osmoregulatory Organs (Book) > Flashcards

Ch 14. Final Osmoregulatory Organs (Book) Flashcards

1
Q

apical surface of an epithelial cell

A

continuous with the external world (ex. sea, gut lumen, kidney tubule lumen)

aka. mucosal or laminal surface

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2
Q

basal surface

A

faces an internal compartment with extracellular fluid

aka. serosal surface

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3
Q

Na/K ATPase

A

3 Na+ out

2 K+ in

maintain -70mV, uses ATP

basolateral surface…type of P-ATPase

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4
Q

3 classes of ion-motive ATPase pumps

A

F-ATP synthase

V-ATPase

P-ATPase

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5
Q

F-ATP synthase

A

drive ATP synthesis in mitochondria

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6
Q

V-ATPase

A

vacuolar type

hydrolyze ATP to make an electrochemical gradient

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7
Q

P-ATPase

A

include Na/K

Ca pump of muscle contraction

H+/K+ pump in the stomach

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8
Q

net movement of chloride across the cell membrane generates a ______________ membrane potential that can…

A

transepithelial

move sodium against its gradient paracellularly (btw cells)

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9
Q

can Na/K and proton ATPases be modified by hormones?

A

yes

ex. both increased activity by aldosterone

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10
Q

kidney anatomy

A

outer cortex and inner medulla

renal pelvis turns into the ureter –> bladder

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11
Q

urine contains water and other by-products of _________, like…

A

metabolism

urea, NaCl, KCl, phosphates

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12
Q

the function of the kidneys is to maintain…

A

more or less constant body composition

ex. composition of urine reflects water taken in and composition of food ingested

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13
Q

actual volume of urine produced is made of…

A

water ingested plus water made through metabolism

minus evaporative water loss and sweating and pooping

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14
Q

how is sensation of fullness via bladder produced

A

as bladder is stretched by filling, stretch receptors in the wall generate nerve impulses carried by sensory neurons

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15
Q

functional unit of the kidney is the ______ which empty into the __________ _____

A

nephron, collecting ducts

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16
Q

nephron structure

A

long tube structure closed and widened at the beginning (Bowman’s capsule) and opened at the distal end –> collecting duct

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17
Q

bowman’s capsule

A

contains a cluster of capillaries called the glomerulus where urine formation begins

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18
Q

3 regions of a nephron

A

proximal nephron

loop of Henle

distal nephron

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19
Q

proximal nephron

A

contains Bowman’s capsule and proximal tubule

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20
Q

loop of Henle structure

A

has a descending limb and ascending limb

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21
Q

distal nephron

A

a distal tubule that enters into a collecting duct

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22
Q

two types of nephron

A

juxtamedullary

cortical

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23
Q

juxtamedullary nephron

A

has glomeruli in the inner cortex

long loops of Henle plunge far into the medulla

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24
Q

cortical nephrons

A

glomeruli in the outer cortex

short loops of Henle that extend a short distance into the medulla

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25
without a loop of Henle you can't make
concentrated urine
26
path of blood from renal artery
renal artery --> afferent arteriole --> glomerular capillaries of bowman's capsule --> efferent arteriole --> vasa recta around loops of Henle
27
3 main processes that contribute to urine composition
filtering blood plasma into an ultrafiltrate in the lumen of Bowman's capsule tubular reabsorption of 99% of water and salts form ultrafiltrate (leaves behind waste products like urea) tubular secretion of substances via active transport
28
what does glomerular filtrate contain
all parts of blood except RBC nearly all blood proteins
29
the process of ultrafiltration in the glomerulus depends on what
net pressure gradient (passive) from hydrostatic pressure difference across 2 compartments and colloid osmotic pressure
30
fenestrated capillaries in glomerulus
pores that are 100x more permeable than normal ones
31
pedicles extending from podocytes have filtration slits between them
help glomerular filtration
32
to ensure that changes in bp and co have little effect on normally high glomerular filtration rate...
many regulatory processes involving paracrine and endocrine secretions and neuronal control
33
how does an increase in bp affect glomerular filtration rate
not much afferent arteriole constricts so increased pressure isn't transmitted
34
what can specialized cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus do to help modulate renal blood flow
special distal-tubule cells (macula densa) monitor osmolarity and flow modified-smc called granular cells in the afferent arteriole secrete renin, which affects bp
35
macula densa cells release..
paracrine substances that cause vasoconstriction or vasodilation
36
neuronal control
sympathetic activation causes vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole and less glomerular filtration -- when bp drops sharply
37
can sympathetic activation cause contractions of cells in the glomerulus?
yes... reduces area available for filtration
38
renin release causes what
increased angiotensin II in the blood causes arteriole constriction to raise bp and increase rate of filtration stim release of aldosterone and vasopressin to promote tubular reabsorption of salts and water
39
renal clearance of a substance
measure of how much it is reabsorbed or secreted
40
micropuncture technique to discover how urine moves through the nephron
micropipette inserted and oil injected until proximal tubule perfusion fluid injected in oil column to force a droplet the the end of the tubule after 20 min, 2nd fluid forces a second oil droplet forward and perfusion fluid is collected tubule ability to reabsorb is determined by comparing perfusate composition b4 and after
41
the proximal tubule begins the process of concentrating _________ filtrate, is the most important tubule segment in the active reabsorption of _______
glomerular, salts (70% and a nearly proportional amount of water and other solutes like Cl-)
42
in the proximal tubule, _____ is the major solute reabsorbed proximally, and ______ is the major solute reabsorbed distally
NaHCO3, NaCl
43
brush border in proximal tubule
tons of microvilli to increase absorptive surface area of apical membrane
44
do the descending limb and ascending limb of the loop of Henle exhibit active salt transport?
no, fairly impermeable to NaCl and urea, but permeable to water (descending limb only) opposite for ascending limb
45
thick medullary ascending limb of loop of Henle
actively transports NaCl our to the interstitial space low water permeability
46
collecting duct highly water permeable
moves from dilute urine in the duct to the concentrated interstitial fluid final concentration of urine controllable by ADH
47
aldosterone
steroid hormone that causes an increase in sodium reabsorption
48
3 proposed methods of sodium reabsorption
Na/K pump activity increases ATP production increases to power Na/K pump premeability of membrane to Na increases
49
ADH
increases water permeability of distal tubule and collecting duct to promote water reabsorption uses cAMP amplification to insert more aquaporins in apical memb of collecting duct
50
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
released by atrial heart cells to promote urine production and sodium excretion
51
renin-angiotensin system
renin cleaves angiotensinogen into angiotensin I and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) turns angiotensin I into angiotensin II which stimulates secretion of aldosterone and ADH
52
tubular secretion occurs from where to where
plasma into tubular lumen
53
substances that may be secreted across proximal tubule
K+, H+, NH3 molecules get conjugated to move them across
54
most K+ ions filtered at the glomerulus are reabsorbed from filtrate in the proximal tubule and loop of Henle because of what transporters
Na/2Cl/K cotransporter in apical memb Na/K pump in basolateral memb
55
can the distal tubule and collecting duct secrete K into the lumen
yes, balances reabsorption Basolat - Na/K pump brings K from blood into cell Apical - Na moves into cell through channels, K moves into urine by channels (both passive down gradients)
56
aldosterone leads up enhanced __ uptake and __ excretion
Na, K
57
2 factors of pH control in mammals
acid excretion by kidneys CO2 excretion by lungs
58
during which part of the tubule is acid added to urine
entire length urine becomes progressively more acidic
59
in proximal tubule and loop of Henle how are protons secreted
Na/H antiporter
60
A cells are found in the
distal tubule and collecting duct
61
what do A cells do
Secrete acid into urine Carbonic anhydrase converts CO2 --> H+ + HCO3- Apical - H+ ATPase moves H+ into urine, Na reabsorbed Basolat - Na/K pump moves Na into blood, and HCO3-/Cl- antiport moves HCO3 into blood and Cl into cell
62
B cells are found in the
distal tubule and collecting duct
63
what do B cells do
Secretes HCO3- into urine in exchange for Cl carbonic anhydrase Apical - HCO3-/Cl- antiport moves Cl into cell and HCO3- into urine Basolat - H+ ATPase pumps H+ into blood, and Cl- channels move Cl into blood
64
does acidosis increase the activity of A cells
yes
65
does alkalosis increase the activity of B cells
yes
66
what changes happen in A cells in acidosis
activity of Na/K ATPase and bicarb-chloride exchangers
67
proton secretion by renal tubular cells ______ the pH of the ultrafiltrate, which ______ the gradient against which protons are transported
decreases, increases this is why the ultrafiltrate is buffered by bicarb, phosphate, etc
68
long term mechanism for correcting acidosis
producing ammonia ions that form ammonium ions after picking up H+ and secreting
69
concentrating urine is directly proportional to
loop of Henle length because there is osmotic removal of water in the collecting duct
70
why is there increase in osmolarity of fluid from descending limb of loop of henle to hairpin turn
permeable to water but not nacl so water moves out
71
what happens as fluid moves up ascending limb of loop of henle
NaCl is actively moved out and some diffuses out causes even more water to flow out
72
when is urea removed
when collecting duct enters deep inner medulla flows out of tube and causes more water to flow out too
73
osmolarity becomes progressively ________ as you go deeper into the medulla
higher
74
countercurrent system with vasa recta
as blood enters inner medulla it picks up a lot of solute and releases water when it moves to cortex is releases solute
75
when is ADH stimulated for release
dehydration (inc in osmolarity) --> hypothalamic neurosecretory cells impulses --> neurosecretory terminals in pituitary --> ADH blood loss --> reduce inhibitory effect of receptors --> ADH
76
overall pathway
formation of urine begins w/ concentration of glomerular filtrate into hyperosmotic fluid in proximal tubule 75% salt and water removed through proximal tubule in loop of Henle there is little net change of osmolarity, but a countercurrent multiplier sets up a concentration gradient gradient drives osmotic reabsorption of water and resultant concentrated urine
77
proximal tubule and loop of Henle transporters for Na reabsorption
Na passively crosses apical memb via Na/2Cl/K and gluc/Na cotransporters Na/K pump in basolat moves Na into blood (reabsorbs) K and Cl into blood down their conc gradients through ion channels
78
Proximal tubule reabsorption of ultrafiltrate transporters
Apical - Na/glu cotransporter brings them into cell & Na/2Cl/K into cell Basolat - Na/K pump moves Na into blood & K and Cl channels move them into blood
79
Proximal tubule secretion
CO2 into cell --> H+ + HCO3- by carbonic anhydrase Apical - H+/Na antiport moves H+ into urine and Na into cell Basolat - Na/K pump moves Na into blood & K and HCO3- move into the blood by channels

Animal Physiology (26 decks)

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