Ch. 13 Part 1 (Book) Flashcards

1
Q

there is a lot of free O2 in the air, but in water…

A

only a small amount is dissolved

a lot of CO2 is dissolved though

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2
Q

2 ways O2 is transferred btw atmosphere and water

A

turbulence

diffusion

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3
Q

does the solubility of O2 in water decrease as temp and salinity increase?

A

yes

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4
Q

O2 is added to water as __________ is carried out by aquatic plants and algae

A

photosynthesis

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5
Q

how are O2 and CO2 transferred across the body surface

A

by diffusion

high surface area to volume ratio and low distrance traveled is good

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6
Q

respiratory epithelium

A

specialized respiratory surface made of thin cells

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7
Q

_________ systems have evolved to transfer O2 and CO2 via blood flowing betwen the respiratory epithelium and tissues

A

circulatory

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8
Q

how does the circulatory system work in relation to gas exchange

A

blood passes through a capillary network in a thin film beneath the gas-exchange surface

minimizes distance gases have to diffuse through

maximizes surface area

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9
Q

4 basic steps of gas exchange

A

beathing - supplies the lungs/gills

diffusion of O2/CO2 across respiratory epithelium

bulk transport of gases by blood

diffusion of O2/CO2 across capillary walls in tissue

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10
Q

hemoglobin

A

respiratory pigment that binds O2

increases carrying capacity of blood

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11
Q

antarctic icefish

A

has no respiratory pigment and low O2 content

compensates with a high blood volume and cardiac output

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12
Q

structure of hemoglobin

A

4 iron-containing heme groups

globin tetrametic protein

2 aB dimers

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13
Q

positive cooperativity in hemoglobin

A

binding of 1 O2 makes binding of other O2s easier

O2 bound = oxyhemoglobin

O2 unbound = deoxyhemoglobin

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14
Q

myoglobin

A

respiratory pigment in muscle

high O2 affinity = not good at releasing –> hyperbolic curve

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15
Q

is affinity of hemoglobin for carbon monoxide higher than affinity for O2?

A

yes, 200x higher

carboxyhemoglobin

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16
Q

features of hemoglobin O2 transport in blood

A

at low pO2, low O2 is bound to hemoglobin

at high pO2, a lot of O2 is bound to hemoglobin

sigmoidal curve from pos. cooperativity

high pO2 in lungs = a lot of bound O2 –> low pO2 in muscle = release of O2 into muscle

17
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

sickle shaped RBC can’t pass through capillaries

impaired O2 delivery

malaria resistance

18
Q

Bohr effect

A

low blood pH makes hemoglobin O2 affinity lower

release more O2 into tissues

19
Q

what other states lower hemoglobin O2 affinity

A

high temp

high CO2

hemoglobin binding DPG

20
Q

at high altitude what happens to O2 in the air

A

there is less O2 –> low blood O2 levels

21
Q

what does a low blood O2 level stimulate in humans

A

more breathing

higher DPG levels

22
Q

do hemoglobins change during development?

A

yes, fetal hb binds O2 more tightly to facilitate transfer of O2 from mother to fetus

has gamma chains instead of beta chains

23
Q

CO2 diffuses into the _______ from the ________

A

blood, tissues

24
Q

from the blood, CO2 _______ across the respiratory surface and is…

A

diffuses, deposited into the environment

25
CO2 + H2O -->
CO2+ H2O --> H2CO3 --> H+ + HCO3- --> CO32- + H+ CO2 to carbonic acid to bicarbonate to carbonate ions
26
CO2 + OH- -->
CO2 + OH- --> HCO3-
27
__________ is the predominant form of CO2 in the blood at normal pH
bicarbonate
28
carbamino compounds
protein-NH2 + CO2 --> H+ + protein-NHCOO-
29
does CO2 enter and leave the blood as CO2 or HCO3-
CO2 b/c it diffuses through membranes much faster than HCO3- ions
30
carbonic anhydrase
enzyme that catalyzes CO2 + OH- --> HCO3-
31
most CO2 entering and leaving the plasma....
done by RBC b/c they have carbonic anhydrase
32
chloride shift
when HCO3- ions leave RBC, Cl- ions enter the RBC via band III protein to maintain ion balance
33
Haldane effect
deoxygenation of Hb in tissues reduces pH as Co2 enters the blood
34
where is carbonic anhydrase in the lungs
in the endothelial cell membranes so HCO3- can be converted to CO2 fast as blood perfuses the lung capillaries