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Animal Physiology > Exam 1: Ch 4 Notes > Flashcards

Exam 1: Ch 4 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

if you change size you change

A

surface area to volume ratio

strength to weight ratio

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2
Q

organisms of different sizes face the same challenge and have different solutions due to the laws of physics

A

pond skater vs hovercraft on water

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3
Q

diffusion only works for some sizes

A

high surface area to volume ratio

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4
Q

3 big environmental factors

A

temperature

oxygen

access to water

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5
Q

temperature environment example

A

tropical fish (22-29°C) vs polar fish (-1.9°C)

0°C is freezing and ice crystals expand and puncture cells

ice fish developed antifreeze proteins in cells that wrap around ice crystals to prevent growth

disadvantage: ice crystals don’t thaw above freezing

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6
Q

6°C paradigm

A

cool tropical fish to 6°C and they die

heat ice fish to 6°C and they die too

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7
Q

5 thermoregulation adaptions

A

insulation

circulatory

cooling by evaporative heat loss

adjust metabolic heat production

change behavior

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8
Q

oxygen environment example

A

if you live at altitude you have less O2 than at sea level

evolutionary adaptions of other animals vs. humans

geese vs. humans

tibet vs. peru

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9
Q

water environment example (presence vs. absence)

A

osmotic challenge

desert beetle has ridges that allow water to condense and drip toward mouth

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10
Q

to have viable life you must have…

A

controlled chemical reactions

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11
Q

for controlled chemical reactions you must have…

A

a controlled environment… in cells this is the phospholipid bilayer (10-20nm)

membrane regulates influx and efflux

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12
Q

what forces are at play in cell membranes

A

permeability

concentration gradients

electrical charge

diffusion

active pumping

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13
Q

what level of permeability do cell membranes exhibit

A

semi-permeable

prevents large molecules (proteins), charged molecules or ions, and hydrophilic substances from crossing

water, oxygen, and fat soluble molecules can cross

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14
Q

what does the fluid mosaic membrane model tell us

A

membranes are dynamic and complex

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15
Q

the properties of the membrane depend on…

A

the properties of the lipids

saturated: no db so better packing
unsaturated: db kinks less packing

cholesterol stiffens and strengthens the membrane

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16
Q

what enables self repair between fatty acid tails in membranes

A

van der waals forces

these forces also allow geckos to climb smooth surfaces

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17
Q

integral proteins

A

proteins in the membrane must have hydrophobic aas in the membrane and polar aas outside the membrane

mostly alpha helices

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18
Q

diffusion

A

random movement from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration until equilibrium is reached

movement in both directions does not stop at equilibrium, the net movement is just 0

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19
Q

what affects speed of diffusion

A

temperature (speed)

size of the concentration gradient (speed)

membrane properties

properties of the crossing molecule

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20
Q

membrane permeability

A

rate at which a substance passively crosses the membrane at a set temp etc.

greater permeability = greater flux across membrane

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21
Q

permeability constant equation

A

Pm = (Dm)(K) / x

Dm = diffusion constant

K = partition coefficient

x = thickness of the membrane

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22
Q

partition coefficient

A

indication of ability to dissolve in membrane

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23
Q

how can the permeability of a membrane change?

A

cell opens ion or aquaporin channels

24
Q

diffusion doesn’t factor in…

A

charge

active pumping

25
Q

as cell membrane thickens, diffusion is affected how

A

takes more time

26
Q

osmosis

A

movement of water across membrane from areas of highest water purity to lower water purity (water + dissolved substances)

at equilibrium net movement of water is 0 b/c hydrostatic pressure balances osmotic pressure

27
Q

osmotic pressure

A

pi = RTC

R = gas constant

T = temp

C = solute concentration

28
Q

osmolarity

A

theoretical comparison

iso is equal amounts of 1mM NaCl

hypo (lower osmotic pressure, fewer solutes, more pure H2O)

hyper (higher osmotic pressure, more solutes, less pure H2O)

moves from hypo to hyper

29
Q

tonicity

A

cell based comparison

30
Q

tonicity example

A

sea urchin egg

isotonic to seawater

isoosmotic in NaCl

isoosmotic CaCl2, but hypotonic in CaCl2 b/c cell more permeable to Ca2+ (water moves in to swell cell)

31
Q

Na diffusion permeability example

A

cell membrane slightly permeable to Na, which has a higher [ ] outside the cell

movement of Na is into cell (high to low)

consequences: higher osmotic pressure, H2O swells
solution: pump Na out of cell using ATP

32
Q

prove presence of Na pump

A

metabolic inhibitor lowers ATP

pump slows and cells burst b/c buildup of Na inside cell causes H2O to follow

33
Q

how do plant cells and bacterial cells withstand high pressure buildup?

A

cell wall

34
Q

mechanism of secondary active transport

A

uses concentration gradient or electrical gradient to move other molecules against their gradients

35
Q

why does rate of channels, pumps, carriers taper off?

A

at high [substrate] all channels, pumps, carriers are saturated

carriers saturate faster

36
Q

nystatin

A

an antibiotic that forms channels in a membrane

H2O, urea, and Cl- allowed through, but not cations

if using a patch, no need to puncture membrane

37
Q

inject aquaporin RNA into frog oocyte

A

expresses channels for H2O

water moves into oocyte, which has a concentrated cytoplasm

38
Q

carrier proteins exhibit…

A

selectivity

39
Q

coupled carriers

A

symporters and antiporters

use [ ] gradient of one to power movement of the other

40
Q

cystic fibrosis and Cl- channel mutation

A

normally CF channel lets Cl- out of cell (slippery normal mucous)

in mutation the Cl- doesn’t move out (sticky mucous)

41
Q

Na/K ATPase

A

pump that uses ATP to create a [ ] gradient of low Na in cell and high K in cell

3 Na out, 2 K in

creates net negative resting potential inside cell

42
Q

Na/K ATPase steps

A

bind 3 Na+ form cytosol

phosphorylation by ATP changes conformation

Na+ released in extracellular fluid, 2 K+ binds

dephosphorylation changes conformation

2 K+ released in cytosol

43
Q

alanine/Na symporter

A

alanine moves against concentration gradient, Na moves down concentration gradient

depends on Na/K ATPase to maintain Na gradient

if excess Na inside cell, symporter moves alanine out

44
Q

antiporter example

A

Na in, Ca out

45
Q

active transport summary

A

ATP required to move substances against [ ] gradient

highly selective

some pumps perform electrical work

selectively inhibit pumps (ouabain inhibits Na/K ATPase)

46
Q

epithelial sheets

A

polarity of cells and location of pumps, channels, and transporters regulates movement

47
Q

different membranes/regions of the cell can have different ______

A

selectivity

ex. voltage gated Na channel lets Na and Li through

Na/K ATPase lets Na through but not Li

48
Q

how is selectivity achieved?

A

size, shape, charge

energy of dehydration

interaction of channel charges with ions

49
Q

endocytosis

A

protein clathrin coats membrane, ligand binds, invagination vesicle fuses with other cellular membrane component, clathrin recycled

recycles membrane added from exocytosis

50
Q

exocytosis

A

out of cell

ex. neurotransmitter release

51
Q

gap junction stucture

A

1/2 of structure made by cell 1, other half by cell 2

6 proteins –> 1 connexon + 1 connexon = gap junction

52
Q

gap junction purpose

A

direct electrical coupling between cells for ions, ATP, small molecules, 2nd messengers

53
Q

gap junction test

A

inject dye of varying size and see if it diffuses through the cells

54
Q

tight junctions

A

seal gap between cells to form an impermeable, intact sheet

things cant move inbetween individual cells, so must move through the cell bodies

allows cells to regulate what moves through

55
Q

intermediate junctions

A

allow more rapid flow b/c moving through cell takes times

can move on [ ] gradient

Animal Physiology (26 decks)

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