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Animal Physiology > Exam 3: Ch 7 Notes > Flashcards

Exam 3: Ch 7 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

specialized sensory cells have different modalities

A

light

sound

heat

mechanical

chemical

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2
Q

the different modalities have specialized _______

A

channels

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3
Q

sensory neurons detect ______ and transduce it into ______ activity

A

stimuli, electrical activity

graded potentials

APs to CNS

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4
Q

invertebrate cell bodies are located in the ______

A

periphery

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5
Q

vertebrate cell bodies are located in the ______ _____

A

spinal cord

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6
Q

pathway to CNS from sensory cell

A

detecting cell –> localized release of nt –> stim neuron –> CNS

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7
Q

opsin

A

g-protein coupled receptor found in rods and cones

7 transmemb. domains

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8
Q

transduction

A

input to electrical activity

detect –> amplified 2nd messenger –> channels –> depol (AP) or hyperpol

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9
Q

there is wiring to specific dedicated _____ regions for each modality

A

brain

light, touch, heat, etc…

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10
Q

synesthesia

A

1 input generates more than 1 response

ex. see a color and get a taste

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11
Q

stretch receptors in muscles

A

stretch-activated channels

initial graded potential –> threshold –> AP

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12
Q

how are the neurons specialized in stretch activated receptors

A

neuron structure

gating of channel

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13
Q

stretch receptor in muscle in TTX

A

still get receptor potential so channels are not voltage-gated Na

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14
Q

if you increase the stimulus size you get…

A

larger graded receptor potential

higher frequency of AP

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15
Q

adaptation if tetanic stimulation

A

decrease in AP production

spike initiating zone shows no adaptation

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16
Q

ommatidium eye structure

A

6-8 photoreceptor cells + axons –> CNS

crystalline cone + lens pigment cells line large surface area

central rhabdome microvilli

2-3 degree visual field, reduced (pixelated) info

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17
Q

1 photon –>

amplification –>

A

detectible current (1nA)

2nd messenger

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18
Q

limulus –>

A

photons –> depol in eccentric cells

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19
Q

2 structures of a vertebrate eye

A

fovea

blind spot

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20
Q

fovea

A

center of field of view

highest activity (dense photoreceptors)

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21
Q

blind spot

A

where optic nerve is and blood vessels enter the eye

no photoreceptors

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22
Q

focus –>

A

lens shape –> sensitivity –> pupil

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23
Q

rods

A

black/white vision

more sensitive than cones

night vision

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24
Q

cones

A

color vision

less sensitive than rods (not good in low light)

1:1 ganglion cells

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25
Q

rhodopsin

A

structural membrane discs of rods and cones

large surface area

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26
Q

sensitivity –>

A

fovea –> “pit”

all other cell types pushed direct route to photoreceptors

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27
Q

vetrebrate eye depol

A

20mV

in dark there is constant inward Na current

when light shines, inward current reduced to -70mV (hyperpol)

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28
Q

dark current + rhodopsin

A

G-protein coupled receptor

cGMP gated channel

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29
Q

cis –> trans

A

trans –> activated protein enzyme activity –> cGMP levels –> cGMP gated channel –> change voltage

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30
Q

in the dark…

A

cGMP is produced and opens cGMP channels

Na goes in to depol -20mV

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31
Q

in the light…

A

rhodopsin 6 protein (transducin) –> phosphodiesterase (PDE) –> breaks down cGMP –> channels close –> less Na in so hyperpol to -70mV

32
Q

dynamic range of vision

A

intensity and wave length

must have multiple receptor types w/ different tuning (rods/cones)

33
Q

rods are ____ sensitive

A

intensity

red light doesn’t stimulate

34
Q

cones are ______ sensitive

A

wavelength

depends on pigments

35
Q

R/G colorblindness

A

x-linked recessive

rods must be stimulated by blue/green

36
Q

pit vipers infrared vision

A

facial pits below eyes w/ sensory cells

transient receptor potential (TRP) - heat sensitive channels

heat –> open –> depol –> Ca2+

37
Q

in vitro cultures kidney cells –>

A

Ca2+ dye –> heat up and see more Ca2+

38
Q

neural control of electrical activity

A

uses chemical nt

sensitivity + range limits: ion channels, reversal potential, refractory period

39
Q

how to increase range

A

combining receptors of multiple types (individual ranges)

photo/mechano receptors

touch-multiple types (2 superficial, 2 deep skin)

40
Q

superficial mechanoreceptors

A

meisner’s – slowly adapting

merkel’s - rapidly adapting

41
Q

deep mechanoreceptors

A

rufinni’s - slowly adapting

pacinian - rapidly adapting

42
Q

pacinian

A

nerve ending wrapped in multiple layers and matrix

43
Q

is rapid adaptation electrical or mechanical?

A

mostly mechanical properties of accessory structure

many layers of conn. tissue

44
Q

spontaneous activity

A

levels are modified by input

increase sensitivity to small stimuli and to positive/negative versions of stim

45
Q

crayfish tail

A

sensitivity maintained after constant stimulus

stretch whole abdomen, stretch isolated muscle, APs

46
Q

stretch crayfish abdomen

A

in situ receptor –> APs

47
Q

stretch crayfish isolated receptor

A

reduced APs

negative feedback

48
Q

why does only strong activation drive activity in inhibitory neurons

A

maintain sensitivity in operating range

stop APs from maxing out frequency

49
Q

hair cells are called

A

stereocilia

in our ears

50
Q

lateral line system

A

amphibians/fish

detect how fast they’re swimming

how fast the water is moving

51
Q

invertebrate stratocyst organ of balance

A

stratolith - rests on ciliated cells

52
Q

semicircular canals

A

fluid filled

hair cells attached to canal wall

movement of head drags cupula through fluid

bends hair cells –> electrical activity

53
Q

otolith organs

A

tilt (gravity based)

dense calcium carbonate crystals

54
Q

pinna structure

A

amplifies specific frequencies and sounds from specific directions

55
Q

pressure wave vibrations eardrum

A

malleus, incus, stapes lever system –> amplifies

56
Q

size of tympanic membrane vs. oval window

A

middle ear: oval window

inner ear: fluid

57
Q

hair cells on basilar membrane

A

are the same

region specific response

58
Q

basilar membrane

A

frequency/intensity

different properties along length… width/stiffness

59
Q

basilar membrane is stiffer where

A

at less wide end…. higher freq. max response

more flexible at wide end… low freq.

60
Q

cochlea also known as

A

organ of corti

61
Q

inner hair cells

A

transduction of vibration to electrical activity

62
Q

outer hair cells

A

change length rapidly

tips touch tectorial membrane –> sensitivity –> amplify vibration in that region

63
Q

how do hair cells generate electrical activity?

A

ions through specialized channels

mechanically (stretch) sensitive channels on the tips (tip links)

hairs diff lengths - hyperpol toward short, depol toward long

64
Q

in hair cells at rest

A

channels are partially open

less tension at short, channels close –> hyperpol

more tension at tall, channels open more –> depol

65
Q

changes in tip links

A

at short less Ca2+ in, less depol, less release –> nt release –> more release

66
Q

flies have ______ _____ in proboscis and feet

A

taste bristles

67
Q

salt channels for taste

A

Na channel constantly open

amiloride sensitive

68
Q

sour channels for taste

A

H+ block K+ channels to depol

H+ go through Na+ channels to depol

69
Q

some taste channels are _______ coupled

A

G-protein

sweet and bitter

70
Q

sweet taste channels

A

alanine –> G-protein –> cAMP –> close K channel –> depol

71
Q

bitter taste channels

A

diff G protein –> PLC-IP3

IP3 sensitive channel

drive release of Ca2+ from internal stores

72
Q

olfaction channels

A

voltage gated and leak

high [kCl]out –> depol

73
Q

optogenetics

A

light sensitive proteins –> channels

channel rhodopsins clone gene –> transfect neuron –> light sensitive –> activate neuron by flashing light on it

74
Q

neuron specific promoters in optogenetics

A

promoter + channel rhodopsin

no metabolic side effects

target disease or memory

75
Q

advantages of channel rhodopsin neuron specific promoters

A

precision of activation by illumination or cell-specific/region specific expression

speed of control (speed of light)

target specific pathways

Animal Physiology (26 decks)

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