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Animal Physiology > Exam 3: Ch 7 Notes > Flashcards

Exam 3: Ch 7 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

specialized sensory cells have different modalities

A

light

sound

heat

mechanical

chemical

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2
Q

the different modalities have specialized _______

A

channels

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3
Q

sensory neurons detect ______ and transduce it into ______ activity

A

stimuli, electrical activity

graded potentials

APs to CNS

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4
Q

invertebrate cell bodies are located in the ______

A

periphery

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5
Q

vertebrate cell bodies are located in the ______ _____

A

spinal cord

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6
Q

pathway to CNS from sensory cell

A

detecting cell –> localized release of nt –> stim neuron –> CNS

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7
Q

opsin

A

g-protein coupled receptor found in rods and cones

7 transmemb. domains

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8
Q

transduction

A

input to electrical activity

detect –> amplified 2nd messenger –> channels –> depol (AP) or hyperpol

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9
Q

there is wiring to specific dedicated _____ regions for each modality

A

brain

light, touch, heat, etc…

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10
Q

synesthesia

A

1 input generates more than 1 response

ex. see a color and get a taste

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11
Q

stretch receptors in muscles

A

stretch-activated channels

initial graded potential –> threshold –> AP

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12
Q

how are the neurons specialized in stretch activated receptors

A

neuron structure

gating of channel

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13
Q

stretch receptor in muscle in TTX

A

still get receptor potential so channels are not voltage-gated Na

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14
Q

if you increase the stimulus size you get…

A

larger graded receptor potential

higher frequency of AP

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15
Q

adaptation if tetanic stimulation

A

decrease in AP production

spike initiating zone shows no adaptation

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16
Q

ommatidium eye structure

A

6-8 photoreceptor cells + axons –> CNS

crystalline cone + lens pigment cells line large surface area

central rhabdome microvilli

2-3 degree visual field, reduced (pixelated) info

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17
Q

1 photon –>

amplification –>

A

detectible current (1nA)

2nd messenger

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18
Q

limulus –>

A

photons –> depol in eccentric cells

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19
Q

2 structures of a vertebrate eye

A

fovea

blind spot

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20
Q

fovea

A

center of field of view

highest activity (dense photoreceptors)

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21
Q

blind spot

A

where optic nerve is and blood vessels enter the eye

no photoreceptors

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22
Q

focus –>

A

lens shape –> sensitivity –> pupil

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23
Q

rods

A

black/white vision

more sensitive than cones

night vision

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24
Q

cones

A

color vision

less sensitive than rods (not good in low light)

1:1 ganglion cells

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25
rhodopsin
structural membrane discs of rods and cones large surface area
26
sensitivity -->
fovea --> "pit" all other cell types pushed direct route to photoreceptors
27
vetrebrate eye depol
20mV in dark there is constant inward Na current when light shines, inward current reduced to -70mV (hyperpol)
28
dark current + rhodopsin
G-protein coupled receptor cGMP gated channel
29
cis --> trans
trans --> activated protein enzyme activity --> cGMP levels --> cGMP gated channel --> change voltage
30
in the dark...
cGMP is produced and opens cGMP channels Na goes in to depol -20mV
31
in the light...
rhodopsin 6 protein (transducin) --> phosphodiesterase (PDE) --> breaks down cGMP --> channels close --> less Na in so hyperpol to -70mV
32
dynamic range of vision
intensity and wave length must have multiple receptor types w/ different tuning (rods/cones)
33
rods are ____ sensitive
intensity red light doesn't stimulate
34
cones are ______ sensitive
wavelength depends on pigments
35
R/G colorblindness
x-linked recessive rods must be stimulated by blue/green
36
pit vipers infrared vision
facial pits below eyes w/ sensory cells transient receptor potential (TRP) - heat sensitive channels heat --> open --> depol --> Ca2+
37
in vitro cultures kidney cells -->
Ca2+ dye --> heat up and see more Ca2+
38
neural control of electrical activity
uses chemical nt sensitivity + range limits: ion channels, reversal potential, refractory period
39
how to increase range
combining receptors of multiple types (individual ranges) photo/mechano receptors touch-multiple types (2 superficial, 2 deep skin)
40
superficial mechanoreceptors
meisner's -- slowly adapting merkel's - rapidly adapting
41
deep mechanoreceptors
rufinni's - slowly adapting pacinian - rapidly adapting
42
pacinian
nerve ending wrapped in multiple layers and matrix
43
is rapid adaptation electrical or mechanical?
mostly mechanical properties of accessory structure many layers of conn. tissue
44
spontaneous activity
levels are modified by input increase sensitivity to small stimuli and to positive/negative versions of stim
45
crayfish tail
sensitivity maintained after constant stimulus stretch whole abdomen, stretch isolated muscle, APs
46
stretch crayfish abdomen
in situ receptor --> APs
47
stretch crayfish isolated receptor
reduced APs negative feedback
48
why does only strong activation drive activity in inhibitory neurons
maintain sensitivity in operating range stop APs from maxing out frequency
49
hair cells are called
stereocilia in our ears
50
lateral line system
amphibians/fish detect how fast they're swimming how fast the water is moving
51
invertebrate stratocyst organ of balance
stratolith - rests on ciliated cells
52
semicircular canals
fluid filled hair cells attached to canal wall movement of head drags cupula through fluid bends hair cells --> electrical activity
53
otolith organs
tilt (gravity based) dense calcium carbonate crystals
54
pinna structure
amplifies specific frequencies and sounds from specific directions
55
pressure wave vibrations eardrum
malleus, incus, stapes lever system --> amplifies
56
size of tympanic membrane vs. oval window
middle ear: oval window inner ear: fluid
57
hair cells on basilar membrane
are the same region specific response
58
basilar membrane
frequency/intensity different properties along length... width/stiffness
59
basilar membrane is stiffer where
at less wide end.... higher freq. max response more flexible at wide end... low freq.
60
cochlea also known as
organ of corti
61
inner hair cells
transduction of vibration to electrical activity
62
outer hair cells
change length rapidly tips touch tectorial membrane --> sensitivity --> amplify vibration in that region
63
how do hair cells generate electrical activity?
ions through specialized channels mechanically (stretch) sensitive channels on the tips (tip links) hairs diff lengths - hyperpol toward short, depol toward long
64
in hair cells at rest
channels are partially open less tension at short, channels close --> hyperpol more tension at tall, channels open more --> depol
65
changes in tip links
at short less Ca2+ in, less depol, less release --> nt release --> more release
66
flies have ______ _____ in proboscis and feet
taste bristles
67
salt channels for taste
Na channel constantly open amiloride sensitive
68
sour channels for taste
H+ block K+ channels to depol H+ go through Na+ channels to depol
69
some taste channels are _______ coupled
G-protein sweet and bitter
70
sweet taste channels
alanine --> G-protein --> cAMP --> close K channel --> depol
71
bitter taste channels
diff G protein --> PLC-IP3 IP3 sensitive channel drive release of Ca2+ from internal stores
72
olfaction channels
voltage gated and leak high [kCl]out --> depol
73
optogenetics
light sensitive proteins --> channels channel rhodopsins clone gene --> transfect neuron --> light sensitive --> activate neuron by flashing light on it
74
neuron specific promoters in optogenetics
promoter + channel rhodopsin no metabolic side effects target disease or memory
75
advantages of channel rhodopsin neuron specific promoters
precision of activation by illumination or cell-specific/region specific expression speed of control (speed of light) target specific pathways

Animal Physiology (26 decks)

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