Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Animal Physiology > Ch. 14 Non-Mammalian Kidneys/Other Osmoregulatory Organs > Flashcards

Ch. 14 Non-Mammalian Kidneys/Other Osmoregulatory Organs Flashcards

1
Q

marine hagfish kidneys

A

nephrons have glomeruli but no tubules

Bowman’s capsules empty directly into collecting ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

kidneys of freshwater teleosts whose bodies are hyperosmotic

A

produce large volumes of dilute urine

larger and more glomeruli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

kidneys of marine teleosts whose bodies are hypoosmotic

A

have no glomeruli or bowman’s capsules

produce small volumes urine by secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

elasmobranch Raja erinacea kidney

A

has countercurrent system but kidney is different

retains urea and does not make concentrated urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what 3 animals have glands that secrete salt

A

elasmobranches

marine bids

some reptiles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

are marine elasmobranches hypo or hypertonic to seawater, and what is their sodium content in comparison?

A

slightly hypotonic

sodium is much lower than seawater – continual influx of NaCl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

elasmobranch rectal gland purpose

A

makes and excretes a concentrated salt solutions to regulate extracellular fluid volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

elasmobranch rectal gland structure

A

lots of blind-ended tubules surrounded by blood capillaries

tubules drain into a duct –> intestine near the rectum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

the fluid made by the elasmobranch rectal gland has a slightly higher ______ content than seawater but is ___osmotic to blood plasma

A

salt,-iso-osmotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

the elasmobranch blood is slightly ____osmotic to seawater and contains

A

hyperosmotic

lots of urea and TMAO

hyposmotic amount of salt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

do urea and TMAO appear in elasmobranch rectal gland excretions?

A

no, just NaCl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how does the elasmobranch rectal gland work

A

Apical - Cl- channel into seawater

Basolat - very folded with lots of Na/K pumps and Na/2Cl/K cotransport

Cl moving into seawater causes transmembrane potential that moves Na out paracellularly against gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

where is the salt gland located in birds/reptiles

A

depressions in the skull above the eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

structure of marine bird salt glands

A

many lobes with secretory tubules and a central canal

duct runs through the beak and into the nostrils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

marine bird salt gland secretory epithelial

A

like typical salt secreting epithelium

lots of Na/K pump in basolat and Na/2Cl/K cotransport

Cl- channels in apical

Cl- moving out causes Na to move out paracellularly against Na gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

is the salt solution in the bird salt glands hyper or hypo osmotic to blood

A

hyperosmotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

the birds that make the most concentrated salt solution have…

A

largest secretory cell and a long paracellular channel between cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

is there a countercurrent system in bird salt glands

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

will ouabain inhibit bird salt glands

A

yes, lots of mitochondria there to make ATP to drive Na/K pumps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what stimulates bird salt gland production

A

raise in extracellular fluid volume and salt content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

why can’t mammals drink seawater even though we have salt-secreting cells in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle

A

arrangement of cells doesn’t allow producing a hypertonic salt soln that can be excreted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

in teleost fishes, what major function do gills perform

A

managing osmotic stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

structure of teleost gills

A

large epithelium for gas exchange/salt transport

chloride cells invaginated in folded basolat w/ lots of mito

mucous cells form boundary btw epithelium and seawater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

teleost chloride cell salt transport method (and Ca)

A

high level of Na/K pump and Na/2Cl/K cotransporter in basolat

Cl channels in apical memb

Cl out causes Na out paracellularly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

in marine teleosts does the transport of salt occur against an osmotic gradient?

A

yes, so no water follows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

uptake of salt in freshwater fish gills

A

Apical - H+ pump puts H+ into seawater, Na channels bring Na in

Basolat - Na/K pump puts Na in blood and K cycles through channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

chloride cells in gill epithelium of freshwater fish

A

uptake Ca from water

anion transporter in apical

lots of H+ pumps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

migrating fish from fresh to seawater adaptations

A

proton pump that brings in NaCl down-regulated

rise in body/plasma Na causes more cortisol and growth hormone levels

hormones make chloride cells and insert into basolat –> more active Na/K pump and NaCl secretion

29
Q

migrating fish from sea to freshwater

A

paracellular gaps btw chloride and accessory cells close causing less loss of NaCl

prolactin increases –> lower chloride cells and apical pits to disappear

Na/K pump activity falls

upregulate proton pump

30
Q

what invertebrates make concentrated urine

A

insects

spiders

31
Q

urine in mollusks and crustaceans

A

like humans, high [ ] = excretion (inulin, glucose) and others reabsorbed

depends on bp

32
Q

phlorizin drug that blocks glucose transport in mollusks and crustaceans

A

glucose still appears in urine

glc must enter urine as a part of filtrate

33
Q

in crayfish what is the major organ of osmoregulation

A

antennal gland with a coelomosac (like glomerulus)

34
Q

downside of a filtration-reabsorption system like kidney

A

high energy cost

needs high intake of salts

35
Q

do insects have a large surface to volume ratio?

A

yes

places a lot of osmotic demand

36
Q

can the locust regulate the ionic strength of its hemolymph?

A

yes

during dehydration the hemolymph decreases by 90% but ionic concentration is maintained

37
Q

the osmoregulatory system of locusts and insects consists of the ___________ tubules and _______

A

Malpighian tubules, hindgut (ileum colon and rectum)

38
Q

the closed ends of the long thin Malpighian tubules lie in the _________

A

hemocel – hemolymph containing body cavity

39
Q

the Malpighian tubules empty where

A

alimentary canal at the junction of the midgut and hindgut

40
Q

pathway of secretion through the Malpighian tubules

A

tubules –> hindgut where it is dehydrated –> rectum –> concentrated urine through anus

41
Q

the presence of a ________ system for respiration in insects diminishes the importance of an efficient circulatory system

A

tracheal

42
Q

do the Malpighian tubules get a direct arterial blood supply?

A

no, they are surrounded by hemolymph at equal pressure

b/c no pressure, no filtration system

43
Q

urine formation by Malpighian tubules

A

KCl and NaCl from hemocoel into lumen with waste like uric acid

most NaCl and KCl returned to hemolymph across rectal wall

ionic editing occurs in hindgut

44
Q

what ion drives the formation of urine in the Malpighian tubules

A

K+, other substances follow passively

45
Q

hindgut of locus Schistocerca

A

Apical - Cl pump into cell, K channel into cel, Na uptake + aa uptake OR ammonium excretion, H+ pump into urine

Basolat - K and Cl channels into blood, Na/K pump, Cl/bicarb antiport moves Cl into cell and bicarb into hemolymph

46
Q

mealworm beetle Tenebrio countercurrent system

A

Malpighian tubules touch hemocel

perirectal space in middle

rectal lumen and anus below perirectal space

47
Q

mealworm beetle Tenebrio mechanism

A

water drawn osmotically from rectum into Malpighian tubules by KCl gradient from active transport

highest osmolarity by anus

urine:blood osmolarity of 10:1

48
Q

feedback mechanism in blood sucking Rhodnius

A

after sucking blood, 2-3min go by and Malpighian tubules increase secretion by 1000x

artificial bloating doesn’t cause this

diuretic hormone in response to ingested blood – serotonin?

49
Q

when aa are catabolized the aa group NH2 is released (_________) or transferred to another molecules for reuse…aa not salvaged for resynthesis must be…

A

deamination

dissolved in water and excreted to avoid a toxic rise in nitrogenous waste

50
Q

most excess nitrogen is excreted as what 3 things

A

ammonia

urea

uric acid

51
Q

is ammonia more toxic than urea or uric acid

A

yes

52
Q

how does excretion of ammonia occur

A

diffusion

requires large volume of water

53
Q

urea excretion

A

requires less water than ammonia but needs ATP to synthesize

54
Q

uric acid is excreted as what

A

not soluble so white pasty precipitate of bird poop

55
Q

what determines the nature of nitrogen excretion

A

availability of water

aquatic excrete across gills

terrestrial animals excrete urea or uric acid via kidneys

56
Q

ammonotelic

A

excrete nitrogenous waste as ammonia

teleosts and aquatic invertebrates

57
Q

which form of ammonia are cell membranes permeable

A

NH3

not NH4+

58
Q

how do teleosts excrete ammonia

A

H+ and CO2 excretion cause acidification of water next to gill surface

this traps NH3 as NH4 as NH3 passively diffuses out of gills

59
Q

how is a small amount of ammonia excreted in mammalian kidneys

A

glutamine released from liver –> blood –> kidney is deaminated by kidney tubule cells and ammonia goes into the lumen

it takes up a proton –> NH4 which cannot diffuse out

60
Q

high ammonia levels in aquatic environments are toxic, especially at high __

A

pH

impairs excretion so glutamine may be stored instead

fishes also downregulate ammonia synthesis

61
Q

toxicity of ammonia

A

changes tertiary structure of proteins

disrupts ion transport b/c substitutes as K+

62
Q

squids shrimp and tunicates do what to ammonium ions

A

collect it in acidified chambers and substitute it for Ca and Mg

63
Q

urea-excreting (ureotelic) animals

A

excrete nitrogenous waste as water-soluble urea

vertebrates use ornithate-urea cycle

teleosts/invert use uricolytic pathway

64
Q

ornithate-urea cycle of vertebrates

A

2 NH2 and 1 CO2 added to ornithine to make arg

arginase removes urea to regenerate ornithine

65
Q

how do elasmobranches use ornithate-urea cycle

A

use the urea as an osmolyte to inc body osmolarity

excrete urea across gills

66
Q

uricolytic pathway

A

urea made from uric acid from transamination of asp or na metabolism

67
Q

gout

A

buildup of insoluble uric acid crystals

68
Q

uric acic-excreting animals (uricotelic)

A

birds, reptiles, arthropods

removes 4 N atoms per/uric acid

69
Q

how is uric acid excreted

A

proximal tubule of nephron via organic anion secretory mechanism

in birds competes for transport in kidney with PAH

Animal Physiology (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions