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Animal Physiology > Exam 1: Ch 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1: Ch 1 Flashcards

1
Q

animal physiology

A

study of how animals function

focuses on the functions of tissues, organs, and organ systems in multicellular animals

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2
Q

what does an animal physiologist investigate

A

the mechanisms operating in living organisms at all levelsq

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3
Q

animal physiology is above all, an ______ science

A

integrative

bring together everything known about an animal’s function to create an integrated picture of how the animal operates in its environment

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4
Q

4 things an animal physiologist thinks about specializations

A

how they came about

how they work

how understanding them might be useful

informs our approaches for medicine, engineering, and the environment

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5
Q

5 levels of study

A

molecules

cell

tissue

organ

organism

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6
Q

how do we study human physiology?

A

study humans (limited)

related organisms

diffferent organisms

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7
Q

example…to study heart damage and disease must know…

A

must know about heartbeat sequence, force, coordination, nutrients + oxygenation, what goes wrong, capacity for repair, diseases/causes

study pythons

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8
Q

changes in pythons

A

fast for months, eat a large meal

increase digestion, metabolism, cholesterol

rapid organ growth

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9
Q

study mechanisms

A

components + interaction

organs, tissues, cells, molecules

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10
Q

ex. of specializations @ level of cells or subcellular components

A

liver cell vs. kidney cell vs. retinal cell vs. neuron

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11
Q

animals that make light and why

A

firefly (attract mates)

phytoplankton

deep sea fish (attract prey)

squid (camouflage)

jellyfish

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12
Q

fireflies and light

A

use different flashing patterns to attract mates

most important b/c if you can’t reproduce you die

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13
Q

what animals can make electricity? and why

A

anything with a nervous system

signals are very fast

eels send out doublet pulses to make prey twitch and stun them

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14
Q

evolution, is it engineering or tinkering?

A

tinkering

engineering: start from scratch, use best design and all tools to produce
evolution: start from wherever you are, mutation (random change), limited toolbox

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15
Q

benefits of evolution

A

survival - better adapted to environment

reproduction

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16
Q

lung evolution example in fish

A

fish have gills, some have the ability to breathe air too

air breathing: vascularized tissue in mouth, stomach, and intestines

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17
Q

where can you find many species of fish that supplement O2 by breathing air? and evolutionary pressure causing this

A

the Amazon

warm H2O –> less dissolved O2 & more microbes using the O2

low-light at the bottom of the rainforest, so less photosynthesis –> less O2

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18
Q

vertebrate eye vs. octopus eye

A

vertebrate: nerve fibers in front of retina create blind spot where they pass through the retina
octopus: retina is in front of the nerve fibers so there is no blocking of light or disruption of the retina

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19
Q

regulator

A

uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in response to external, environmental fluctuations

maintain homeostasis

ex. river otter body temp

20
Q

benefits and drawbacks of being a regulator

A

benefits: maintain optimal function (steady conditions within cells)
drawback: costs energy so must increase food intake

21
Q

conformer

A

fluctuates w/ the environment by allowing internal conditions to vary w/ external changes

does not maintain homeostasis for internal conditions

ex. largemouth bass body temp

22
Q

benefits and drawbacks of being a conformer

A

benefit: no energy expended
drawbacks: all cells subjected to change

23
Q

do regulators and conformers use the same mechanism for everything?

A

no, must look at each aspect of physiology separately

ex. bass conform for body temp but regulate for Cl-]

24
Q

what do organisms use homeostasis for

A

maintain a steady state of internal balance regardless of external environment

25
Q

homeostasis in humans

A

temp, pH, [k+], [glc]

mostly negative feedback

26
Q

negative feedback

A

continuous sampling of a controlled variable coupled with immediate corrective action

detector monitors environment, detects change, activates feedback to return to a set point

buildup of end product shuts off system

27
Q

positive feedback

A

doesn’t contribute to homeostasis

ex. action potentials

28
Q

energy and cost benefit analysis

A

organisms must determine what the cost in ATP is for what benefit

29
Q

3 responses to environmental change

A

acute: short term (individuals)
chronic: long term (individuals)
evolutionary: populations

30
Q

environmental change experiment

A

24 men walk for 100 min in 49° room 20% humidity

acute: none could finish
chronic: over a week, 23/24 men could walk 100 min

31
Q

chronic changes in environmental change experiment

A

increased blood flow to skin, sweat production, sweat gland function

decreased heart rate

sweat more dilute

32
Q

the activities of cells in specialized organs are ______

A

coordinated

33
Q

comparative physiology

A

species are compared to discern physiological and evolutionary patterns

use analytic and statistical techniques to make multi-species comparisons

34
Q

environmental physiology

A

examine animals in the context of their environment

focuses on evolutionary adaptations

35
Q

evolutionary physiology

A

use techniques of evolutionary biology and systematics to understand the evolution of animals from a physiological viewpoint

36
Q

developmental physiology

A

how physiological processes unfold during the course of animal development from embryo to adulthood

37
Q

cell physiology

A

provides vital information on the physiology of cells themselves

38
Q

functions depends on _____

A

structure

ex. frog jumping to catch a fly

39
Q

adaptation

A

the evolved physiology of an animal that is usually well matched to its environment

evolution by natural selection is responsible

40
Q

acclimatization

A

a physiological, biochemical, or anatomical change within an individual animal

results from chronic exposure in native habitat to a new, naturally occurring environmental condition

41
Q

acclimation

A

same process as acclimatization, but the environmental change is induced in the lab or wild by an investigator

42
Q

are acclimatization and acclimation reversible?

A

in general, yes

43
Q

adaptive

A

a physiological process is adaptive if it is present at high frequency in the population b/c it results in higher chance of survival and reporiduction

44
Q

most invertebrates are ____ and most vertebrates are _____

A

conformers, regulators

45
Q

animal welfare

A

humane treatment of animals with respect for their comfort and well-being

46
Q

animal rights

A

the idea that animals have intrinsic and unassailable rights like humans

Animal Physiology (26 decks)

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