Ch 14. Final Part 1 (Book)

Question 1

how was the ability to survive various osmotic environments achieved by more advanced animals

Answer 1

evolution of a stable internal enviornment

Question 2

what are the 2 environmental factors that restrict animals

Answer 2

temperature

osmotic pressure

Question 3

a major requirement for cell survival is the retention of appropriate concentrations of _______ and _________

Answer 3

water, solutes

in intracellular and extracellular compartments

Question 4

what is the extreme percentage of dehydration a cell can survive, and what negative impact can it have

Answer 4

70%

impairs metabolism

Question 5

composition of extracellular fluids of vertebrates

Answer 5

1/3 ionic concentration of seawater

less magnesium sulfide

some Cl- exchanged for bicarbonate

Question 6

marine teleost fishes extracellular fluids

Answer 6

more dilute than seawater

maintain ionic and osmotic difference btw body fluids and seawater

Question 7

the intracellular environment of most animals is low in ___ but high in __, _________, and ________

Answer 7

low in Na+

high in K+, phosphate, and proteins

Question 8

does the plasma membrane maintain ionic or osmotic differences btw intra and extracellular fluids?

Answer 8

ionic

Question 9

what maintains both ionic and osmotic differences btw intra and extracellular fluids

Answer 9

epithelium

ex. gills of fish, salt gland of elasmobranchs, kidney of mammals

Question 10

cell membranes that are permeable to oxygen are also permeable to _______… and consequences

Answer 10

water

must expend energy to maintain ionic/osmotic balance b/c the animal can’t just stop breathing

Question 11

how do small marine animals deal with excretion of toxic metabolic by-products

Answer 11

they leave by diffusion into the water

Question 12

how complex animals with circulatory systems deal with excretion of toxic metabolic by-products

Answer 12

blood passes through excretory organs – kidneys

Question 13

kidneys play an important role in removing organic waste, and are termed the primary organs of _______________

Answer 13

osmoregulation

Question 14

osmoregulatory

Answer 14

an animal that maintains an internal osmolarity that is different than its environment

Question 15

osmoconformer

Answer 15

an animal that conforms to the osmolarity of the environment its in

doesn’t actively control the osmotic condition of its body fluids

Question 16

are more vertebrates osmoregulators or osmoconformers

Answer 16

osmoregulators

slightly hypo-osmotic to seawater

very hyperosmotic to freshwater

Question 17

osmolytes

Answer 17

substances that increase intracellular osmolatiry

used instead of inorganic ions b/c that could cause problems (imbalances)

Question 18

2 examples of osmolytes

Answer 18

urea

trimethylamine oxide (TMAO)

Question 19

2 classes of osmotic exchanges btw an animal and the environment

Answer 19

obligatory osmotic exchange

regulated osmotic exchange

Question 20

obligatory osmotic exchange

Answer 20

a response to physical factors the animal has no control over

ex. a marine fish with lower [NaCl] in seawater has NaCl diffusing into it

Question 21

regulated osmotic exchange

Answer 21

physiologically controlled

done to maintain internal homeostasis and to compensate for obligatory exchange

Question 22

3 barriers to obligatory exchange

Answer 22

integument

respiratory surface

epithelia in contact with the environment

Question 23

obligatory loss depends on

Answer 23

surface area of the animal

size of the gradient

permeability of the animal’s surface

Question 24

surface area to volume ratio in relation to animal size

Answer 24

large animals have lower surface are to volume ratios and dehydrate slower

larger animals have a smaller O2 requirement per unit volume and have less respiratory surface per unit volume than smaller animals

Question 25

transcellular movement occurs...

Answer 25

through cells

Question 26

paracellular movement occurs...

Answer 26

between cells inhibited by tight junctions

Question 27

aquaporins

Answer 27

water channels

Question 28

amphibian skin

Answer 28

moist and permeable for O2/Co2 exchange ions and water move via passive diffusion must use active transport of salts in

Question 29

how do animals with semipermeable skin (ex. sweating) avoid dessication

Answer 29

behavioral changes ex. staying in cool damp envir when it is hot and dry outside

Question 30

desert toads skin

Answer 30

covered in wax have low evaporative water loss

Question 31

frogs and toads lymphatic system and bladder

Answer 31

large lymph system oversized urinary bladder that stores water and transfers ions

Question 32

pelvic patch

Answer 32

specialized skin on the abd and thighs that takes in water at a rate 3x the body weight per day

Question 33

vasotocin

Answer 33

amphibian hormone like ADH that enhances water permeability

Question 34

major route of water loss in terrestrial insects

Answer 34

tracheal system

Question 35

water and solutes are taken in during __________

Answer 35

feeding

Question 36

osmotic problems are caused by what types of metabolic end products

Answer 36

nitrogenous end products ammonia, urea

Question 37

in terrestrial animals the regulation of ionic concentrations and excretion of nitrogenous wastes are accompanied by ______ loss

Answer 37

water

Question 38

the ______ is the chief organ of osmoregulation and nitrogen excretion in most terrestrial vertebrates

Answer 38

kidney

Question 39

the kidneys of birds and mammals utilize ____________ multiplication to produce hyperosmotic urine...

Answer 39

countercurrent multiplication -- in loop of henle this hyperosmotic urine is more concentrated than blood plasma

Question 40

how does sweating cool you

Answer 40

evaporation of water on the skin means highest energy molecules evaporate and leave behind cooler water

Question 41

does ventilation of respiratory epithelium by unsaturated water cause water loss?

Answer 41

yes -- it causes evap of the moisture wetting the epithelium

Question 42

kangaroo rat temporal countercurrent system

Answer 42

air entering the nose is warmed and humidified, which cools the nose outgoing air is cooled and loses water, which wets the nose

Question 43

euryhaline aquatic animals can tolerate...

Answer 43

many salinities

Question 44

stenohaline aquatic animals can tolerate...

Answer 44

a narrow range of salinities

Question 45

the body fluids of freshwater animals is typically __________ to the water... and 2 challenges this causes

Answer 45

hyperosmotic swelling from water gain continual loss of body salts to the water

Question 46

freshwater adaptations

Answer 46

don't drink water make dilute urine impermeable skin so all exchange happens over respiratory epithelium reabsorb salt from urine

Question 47

elasmobranch plasma is _________ to seawater and maintain what relative levels of ions

Answer 47

iso-osmotic low electrolytes but high osmolytes (urea, TMAO)

Question 48

elasmobranch rectal gland

Answer 48

excretes excess inorganic electrolytes like NaCl

Question 49

body fluids of marine teleosts in seawater.. challenges

Answer 49

hypo-osmotic lose water across gills

Question 50

how do marine teleosts make up for lost water

Answer 50

drink seawater and dilute 50% excrete excess ions

Question 51

gills of marine teleosts

Answer 51

have specialized chloride cells that mediate transport of NaCl from blood to water

Question 52

marine reptiles and birds that drink seawater...challenges and solution

Answer 52

challenge: can't produce hyperosmotic urine solution: salt glands to secrete excess salt in the orbit of the eye or nose/eyes of lizards

Question 53

how much salt can the human kidney remoce

Answer 53

6g/L of urine

Question 54

2 major problems of desert mammals like the kangaroo rat

Answer 54

high heat almost no fresh water

Question 55

widespread desert life adaptation

Answer 55

nocturnal lifestyle reduces heat reduces respiratory water loss

Question 56

rectal adaptation of kangaroo rat and kidneys

Answer 56

high water absorption produces dry pellets of feces kidneys produce highly concentrated urine

Question 57

the kangaroo rat survives on ________ water

Answer 57

metabolic

Question 58

camel adaptations (too large to burrow)

Answer 58

don't sweat, instead allow body temp to rise instead of losing water by evap cooling in the day temp drops in the night and rises slowly instead of peeing, stores urea

Question 59

land arthropods/insects mechanisms to uptake water

Answer 59

make highly concentrated ion solution that sucks up water in mouth or rectum