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Animal Physiology > Ch 14. Final Part 1 (Book) > Flashcards

Ch 14. Final Part 1 (Book) Flashcards

1
Q

how was the ability to survive various osmotic environments achieved by more advanced animals

A

evolution of a stable internal enviornment

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2
Q

what are the 2 environmental factors that restrict animals

A

temperature

osmotic pressure

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3
Q

a major requirement for cell survival is the retention of appropriate concentrations of _______ and _________

A

water, solutes

in intracellular and extracellular compartments

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4
Q

what is the extreme percentage of dehydration a cell can survive, and what negative impact can it have

A

70%

impairs metabolism

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5
Q

composition of extracellular fluids of vertebrates

A

1/3 ionic concentration of seawater

less magnesium sulfide

some Cl- exchanged for bicarbonate

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6
Q

marine teleost fishes extracellular fluids

A

more dilute than seawater

maintain ionic and osmotic difference btw body fluids and seawater

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7
Q

the intracellular environment of most animals is low in ___ but high in __, _________, and ________

A

low in Na+

high in K+, phosphate, and proteins

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8
Q

does the plasma membrane maintain ionic or osmotic differences btw intra and extracellular fluids?

A

ionic

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9
Q

what maintains both ionic and osmotic differences btw intra and extracellular fluids

A

epithelium

ex. gills of fish, salt gland of elasmobranchs, kidney of mammals

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10
Q

cell membranes that are permeable to oxygen are also permeable to _______… and consequences

A

water

must expend energy to maintain ionic/osmotic balance b/c the animal can’t just stop breathing

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11
Q

how do small marine animals deal with excretion of toxic metabolic by-products

A

they leave by diffusion into the water

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12
Q

how complex animals with circulatory systems deal with excretion of toxic metabolic by-products

A

blood passes through excretory organs – kidneys

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13
Q

kidneys play an important role in removing organic waste, and are termed the primary organs of _______________

A

osmoregulation

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14
Q

osmoregulatory

A

an animal that maintains an internal osmolarity that is different than its environment

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15
Q

osmoconformer

A

an animal that conforms to the osmolarity of the environment its in

doesn’t actively control the osmotic condition of its body fluids

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16
Q

are more vertebrates osmoregulators or osmoconformers

A

osmoregulators

slightly hypo-osmotic to seawater

very hyperosmotic to freshwater

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17
Q

osmolytes

A

substances that increase intracellular osmolatiry

used instead of inorganic ions b/c that could cause problems (imbalances)

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18
Q

2 examples of osmolytes

A

urea

trimethylamine oxide (TMAO)

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19
Q

2 classes of osmotic exchanges btw an animal and the environment

A

obligatory osmotic exchange

regulated osmotic exchange

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20
Q

obligatory osmotic exchange

A

a response to physical factors the animal has no control over

ex. a marine fish with lower [NaCl] in seawater has NaCl diffusing into it

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21
Q

regulated osmotic exchange

A

physiologically controlled

done to maintain internal homeostasis and to compensate for obligatory exchange

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22
Q

3 barriers to obligatory exchange

A

integument

respiratory surface

epithelia in contact with the environment

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23
Q

obligatory loss depends on

A

surface area of the animal

size of the gradient

permeability of the animal’s surface

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24
Q

surface area to volume ratio in relation to animal size

A

large animals have lower surface are to volume ratios and dehydrate slower

larger animals have a smaller O2 requirement per unit volume and have less respiratory surface per unit volume than smaller animals

25
Q

transcellular movement occurs…

A

through cells

26
Q

paracellular movement occurs…

A

between cells

inhibited by tight junctions

27
Q

aquaporins

A

water channels

28
Q

amphibian skin

A

moist and permeable for O2/Co2 exchange

ions and water move via passive diffusion

must use active transport of salts in

29
Q

how do animals with semipermeable skin (ex. sweating) avoid dessication

A

behavioral changes

ex. staying in cool damp envir when it is hot and dry outside

30
Q

desert toads skin

A

covered in wax

have low evaporative water loss

31
Q

frogs and toads lymphatic system and bladder

A

large lymph system

oversized urinary bladder that stores water and transfers ions

32
Q

pelvic patch

A

specialized skin on the abd and thighs that takes in water at a rate 3x the body weight per day

33
Q

vasotocin

A

amphibian hormone like ADH that enhances water permeability

34
Q

major route of water loss in terrestrial insects

A

tracheal system

35
Q

water and solutes are taken in during __________

A

feeding

36
Q

osmotic problems are caused by what types of metabolic end products

A

nitrogenous end products

ammonia, urea

37
Q

in terrestrial animals the regulation of ionic concentrations and excretion of nitrogenous wastes are accompanied by ______ loss

A

water

38
Q

the ______ is the chief organ of osmoregulation and nitrogen excretion in most terrestrial vertebrates

A

kidney

39
Q

the kidneys of birds and mammals utilize ____________ multiplication to produce hyperosmotic urine…

A

countercurrent multiplication – in loop of henle

this hyperosmotic urine is more concentrated than blood plasma

40
Q

how does sweating cool you

A

evaporation of water on the skin means highest energy molecules evaporate and leave behind cooler water

41
Q

does ventilation of respiratory epithelium by unsaturated water cause water loss?

A

yes – it causes evap of the moisture wetting the epithelium

42
Q

kangaroo rat temporal countercurrent system

A

air entering the nose is warmed and humidified, which cools the nose

outgoing air is cooled and loses water, which wets the nose

43
Q

euryhaline aquatic animals can tolerate…

A

many salinities

44
Q

stenohaline aquatic animals can tolerate…

A

a narrow range of salinities

45
Q

the body fluids of freshwater animals is typically __________ to the water… and 2 challenges this causes

A

hyperosmotic

swelling from water gain

continual loss of body salts to the water

46
Q

freshwater adaptations

A

don’t drink water

make dilute urine

impermeable skin so all exchange happens over respiratory epithelium

reabsorb salt from urine

47
Q

elasmobranch plasma is _________ to seawater and maintain what relative levels of ions

A

iso-osmotic

low electrolytes but high osmolytes (urea, TMAO)

48
Q

elasmobranch rectal gland

A

excretes excess inorganic electrolytes like NaCl

49
Q

body fluids of marine teleosts in seawater.. challenges

A

hypo-osmotic

lose water across gills

50
Q

how do marine teleosts make up for lost water

A

drink seawater and dilute 50%

excrete excess ions

51
Q

gills of marine teleosts

A

have specialized chloride cells that mediate transport of NaCl from blood to water

52
Q

marine reptiles and birds that drink seawater…challenges and solution

A

challenge: can’t produce hyperosmotic urine
solution: salt glands to secrete excess salt in the orbit of the eye or nose/eyes of lizards

53
Q

how much salt can the human kidney remoce

A

6g/L of urine

54
Q

2 major problems of desert mammals like the kangaroo rat

A

high heat

almost no fresh water

55
Q

widespread desert life adaptation

A

nocturnal lifestyle

reduces heat

reduces respiratory water loss

56
Q

rectal adaptation of kangaroo rat and kidneys

A

high water absorption produces dry pellets of feces

kidneys produce highly concentrated urine

57
Q

the kangaroo rat survives on ________ water

A

metabolic

58
Q

camel adaptations (too large to burrow)

A

don’t sweat, instead allow body temp to rise instead of losing water by evap cooling in the day

temp drops in the night and rises slowly

instead of peeing, stores urea

59
Q

land arthropods/insects mechanisms to uptake water

A

make highly concentrated ion solution that sucks up water in mouth or rectum

Animal Physiology (26 decks)

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