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LA Sx scs RUSVM > Final: Little Part 1 - Colic 1 > Flashcards

Final: Little Part 1 - Colic 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Give 2 reasons why impactions are more common in the winter.

A

Frozen water source / water too cold

Water heater malfunction (shocking the horse)

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2
Q

What type of feed causes ilial impaction?

A

Costal bermuda grass

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3
Q

What drug would you give a horse with a LDD/ nephrosplenic entrapment to help resolve the displacement?

A

Phenylephrine (then exercise horse q20 min and recheck by rectal and US)

Induces splenic contraction

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4
Q

Which flexure can be involved with a right dorsal displacement of the colon?

A

Pelvic

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5
Q

What are the most common places for impactions?

A

Pelvic flexure

RDC

Transverse colon

Small colon

Gastric impaction

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6
Q

What part of the colon does a sand impaction affect?

A

RDC

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7
Q

How can you differentiate a cecal from a colon impaction by rectal palpation (not bands)?

A

Cecum will be attached to the body wall dorsally

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8
Q

What is the prognosis post-op in a horse with a (uncomplicated, early diagnosed) cecal impaction?

A

Excellent

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9
Q

What conditions predispose to cecal impaction?

A

Previous orthopedic surgery

Ophthalmic issues

Change in exercise routine

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10
Q

What surgery is performed for a colonic impaction?

A

Pelvic flexure enterotomy

Elevate colon onto colon tray and incise pelvic flexure on anti-mesenteric aspect

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11
Q

What is the foramen of Winslow?

A

Epiploic foramen

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12
Q

Which tapeworm can cause ileocecal intussesceptions in horses?

A

Anoplocephala perfoliata

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13
Q

Where do bezoars or enteroliths become loged?

A

Transverse colon

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14
Q

What makes up enteroliths?

A

MAP (Magnesium ammonium phosphate/ Struvite)

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15
Q

What is the most common location for a strangulating lipoma? Where else do they occur?

A

Small intestine (90%)

Small colon (10%)

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16
Q

What are the boundaries of the epiploic foramen?

A

Caudate process of the liver

Portal vein

Gastropancreatic fold

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17
Q

What behavior predisposes to epiploic foramen entrapment? Why?

A

Cribbing

Changes intraabdominal pressure

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18
Q

What becomes entrapped in the epiploic foramen and in which direction does the entrapment usually occur?

A

Small intestine

Left to right (>95%)

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19
Q

What is the most major complication with an EFE surgery?

A

Portal vein tear -> Fatal hemorrhage

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20
Q

What are the risk factors for a large colon torsion? What is usually the presentation?

A

Post parturient mare

Diet change

Recent access to lush pasture

Presentation: Unrelenting severe pain

21
Q

What must you do on every horse you are examining for colic?

A

NG tube

22
Q

What drug can you administer to reduce the risk of a rectal tear during a rectal examination?

A

Buscopan (spasmolytic)

+/- epidural or lidocaine per rectum

Also LUBE!!!

23
Q

What can be examined on the left side using the FLASH / FAST ultrasound technique?

A
  1. Ventral abdomen: Ventral colon, some small intestine
    * Fluid, inguinal region (small intestine), tenea of ventral colon, thickening of ventral colon*
  2. Gastric window
  3. Nephro-splenic window - LDD?
  4. Left middle third of the abdomen
24
Q

What can be examined on the right side using the FLASH / FAST ultrasound technique?

A
  1. Duodenal window
    * Duodenum doesn’t move - gastric outflow obstruction, enteritis*
  2. Right middle third of the abdomen
    * RDD-> Mesenteric vasculature between body wall and cecum*

T. Cranial ventral thorax

Chest pain (pleuropneuminia, pleuritis, pleural effusion = +++ pain) can mimic colic

25
Q

A NG tube should be passed _________ to minimize the risk of hitting the ethmoid turbinates

A

Ventro-medially (as ventral as possible) into the ventral meatus

26
Q

Which side of the neck are you looking at when passing an NG tube?

A

Left

27
Q

What is the repsonse to NG decompression in a horse with ileus?

A

HR decrease

Depression (due to pain relief)

28
Q

What is the repsonse to NG decompression in a horse with a mechanical obstruction or strangulation?

A

Minimal/no response

Persistent pain

Persistent tachycardia

29
Q

Where do you stick a horse for abdominocentesis?

A

On or to the right of ventral midline - to avoid the spleen

Caudal to the xyphoid

30
Q

What test can you perform to determine whether the hemorrhagic abdominocentesis sample you obtained is truly from the abdomen or if you aspirated the spleen?

A

PCV

If hit the spleen, PCV is higher than the blood

31
Q

Why do you insert the cannula through gauze and then into the stab incision when performing an abdominocentesis?

A

To prevent blood contamination of the sample from superficial vessels in the skin

32
Q

What is the normal WBC, TP, and lactate of peritoneal fluid?

A

WBC < 5000/uL (<1500 in foals)

TP <2.0

Lactate <2.0

33
Q

When the lactate level in peritoneal fluid increaes from < ___ to > ____ the survival of the horse decreases from 90% to 30%

A

<6.0

>7.0

34
Q

Which tube do you use for measuing TP and to obtain a culture from peritoneal fluid? Which tube is used for cytology and lactate?

A

RTT

LTT / EDTA

35
Q

What components should be included in pain management of a colic patient?

A

NSAID: Flunixin BID (more if for anti-endotoxic effect because dose is 1/4)

A-2 agonists: Xylazine, Detomidine, Romifidine

Opioids: Butorphanol

Spasmolytics: Buscopan, Lidocaine

36
Q

What diagnostic could you perform on a colicking foal that is not feasible in an adult?

A

Abdominal rads

37
Q

What must you be sure to ultrasound on a colicing foal? What are the normal values?

A

Umbilical structures

Umbilical vein <1cm

Umbilical artery <1.3cm

Arteries/urachus combo <2.5cm (horizontally; measured just cranially to the bladder) Mickey mouse

38
Q

When is colic surgery in a foal indicated (US findings)?

A

If umbilical structures are >2x their normal size

39
Q

What are the 2 most common causes of newborn colic?

A

Meconium impaction

Gastric ulcers

40
Q

What is the most common surgical colic in a 5 day old foal?

A

Ruptured bladder

41
Q

What condition of older foals can result in a gastric/pyloric outflow obstruction?

A

Gastroduodenal ulcers

42
Q

What does it indicate if a foal is stretched out and laying on it’s back?

A

Colic pain

43
Q

Why are A-2s not indicated until a foal is 2 weeks of age?

A

A-2s induce bradycardia for which a foal cannot compensate

44
Q

What gastroprotectants are commonly used in foals?

A

Ranitidine

Sucralfate

45
Q

What surgical approach do you take to repair an inguinal hernia?

A

Inguinal

46
Q

What e-lyte derrangements indicate cytorrhexis foals?

A

Hyperkalemia

Hyponatremia

Hypochloridemia

47
Q

What potassium level in foals can lead to muscle tremors and arrythmias?

A

>5.5 mEq/L

48
Q

What type of incision is made to repair a ruptured bladder in a foal? What must you be careful to avoid when making your approach?

A

Elliptical

Umbilical arteries (2) and vein (1)

49
Q

Why is the prognosis for a foal with an ascarid impaction guarded?

A

+++ Intestinal damage already present and the amount of manipulation that will be required in surgery

LA Sx scs RUSVM (20 decks)

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