Final: Gilbert (Male) Flashcards
Where to the retractor penis muscles attach in a bull?
Ventral surface of the penis
Distal to the second loop of the sigmoid flexure
What does the deep artery supply?
Corpus cavernosum
T/F: The blood supply to the corpus spongiosum and the superficial surfaces of the penis does not communicate with the blood supply to the corpus cavernosum in the bull.
True
What nerve innervates the tip of the penis in the bull? What is the parent nerve?
Dorsal nerve
Dorsal branch of the pudendal nerve
Divides when reaches head of penis
What structure allows the tip of a bulls penis to curl into a spiral upon ejaculation?
Apical ligament
T/F: Manual extension of the penis can only be done in castrated adult bulls.
False, only in young bulls
What nerve may be blocked to allow for insepection of the penis?
Pudendal nerve
Why may a farmer want to wait until the bull is older to castrate him?
Better growth
Integrity of the dorsal nerve of the penis is essential for:
a. Erection
b. Ejaculation
c. Intromission
d. Urination
e. A and B
f. B and C
g. A and D
f. B and C
What’s this?
Callicrate
Elastrator on roids
Why are preputial orfice ulcers more commonly seen in show bulls?
High protein diet = High urea
Hair around orifice clipped short (aesthetics) = Urine accumulation
How are umcomplicated decubital ulcers managed in rams?
Surgical excision
What part of the penis prolapses?
Lamina interna
When repairing preputial stenosis (cicatrix), how can post-op scar tissue formation be minimized?
Make angled, oval, or zig-zag incision
How is minor cicatrix repaired? (incision and suture)
Longitdinal incision
Suture transversely
Which AI injury typically occurs shortly after return from a bull’s “lay-off” period? How can it be avoided?
Preputial avulsion (penile laceration)
Make the artifical vagina a few degrees cooler (so he mounts less enthusiastically)
Prolpase of the prepuce is mainly a oroblem of
a. Bos taurus bulls
b. Bos indicus bulls
c. Beef bulls
d. Dairy bulls
e. A and C
f. B and C
g. A and D
h. B and D
f. B and C
Bos taurus polled breeds also get it (Hereford, Angus)
T/F: Preputial avulsion is almost exclusively a problem of bulls in artifical insemination studs
True
When does preputial separation normally occur in bulls?
Complete by 9 months (usually)
What is the condition called in which there is an area of incomplete attachment between the lamina interna and the shaft of the penis?
Persistent frenulum
What nerves can be blocked for reparing a persistent frenulum?
Pudendal (x2)
Dorsal
What is this lesion? What is the typical signalment? How can it be prevented?
Penile fibropapilloma (BPV-1)
Young bulls kept in groups
Give BPV-4 or 2 (skin papillomatosis) vaccine for cross-protection
What breed of bull is this and what condition does he have?
Sussex
Spiral/cork-screw penis
What surgery can be done to correct a rainbow penis (penis that bends down when erect)?
Fascia latta transplant
Stips parallel to eachother around the penis
Penile anesthesia may be achieved in bulls by:
A. Dorsal nerve block
B. Pudendal nerve block
C. Epidural block
D. Superficial inguinal nerve block
E. A and B
F. B and C
G. A and D
E. A and B
What causes erection failure? What can be done to confirm this condition?
“Leakage” of corpus cavernosum
Contrast cavernosography
What is the prediliction site for penile hematoma formation in bulls?
Distal part of sigmoid flexure - dorsal or dorsolateral
What is the limit in penile hematoma size for conservative management?
15cm
What are common complications with penile hematomas?
Abscess formation
Long term inflammation causes fibrosis of connective tissue causing layers to stick to eachother
The site at which penile hematoma occurs in bulls is usually
a. Dorsolateral
b. Ventral
c. Near the tip of the penis
d. Proximal to the sigmoid flexure
a. Dorsolateral
Distal to sigmoid
What is the prognosis for a young bull with vesiculitis?
Good
Recover spontaneously
What is the prognosis for a old bull with vesiculitis? Treatment?
Poor
Vesiculectomy
Involvement of what other structure in a bull with vesciculitis makes him a poor candidate for vesiculectomy?
Ampullae
Where is the most common site for cryptorchidism in bulls?
Next to the penis
A rectal tear is a potentially catastrophic event in ______.
Horses
What is the most common cause of rectal tears in horses?
a. Fingers penetrating the mucosa on rectal palpation
b. Strainging/peristalsis against the arm/hand on rectal palpation
c. Spontaneous
d. Tenesmus
b. Strainging/peristalsis against the arm/hand on rectal palpation
T/F: Most rectal tears occur ventrally.
False, dorsally
A small dose (60mg) of _____ can be used to help prevent rectal tears.
Buscopan (Butylscopolamine)
When can spontaneous rectal tears occur in mare?
Post-foaling
- Pressure of baby against pelvis crushes the rectum and tears it against the brim of the pelvis*
- Think rectal tear if mare develops acute extreme colic post-partum*
What can you give to stop rectal contractions?
Epidural
Xylazine
Butorphanol
Buscopan
Lidocaine enema or gel
What are the grades of rectal tears?
I
II
IIIa
IIIb
IV
What can be done to prevent aspiration of foreign material into the body via a rectal tear?
Keep horse standing
Most rectal tears associated with transrectal palpation in horses are
a. Ventral
b. Dorsal
c. Any location
b. Dorsal
What are the 3 options for surgical repair of a rectal tear?
Direct suture repair
Temporary indwelling rectal liner
Loop colostomy
A temporary indwelling rectal liner should be secured _____ to the tear.
Oral/ upstream
How is cranial movement of an indwelling rectal sleeve prevented?
Cross tie
Why is a loop-colostomy preferred to an end-colostomy?
Easier to reverse
While palpating a valuable broodmare for diagnosis of pregnancy you feel a slight “give” in the rectum above your hand. There is a small amount of blood on your hand. Careful digitl exploration reveals a 2cm dorsal partial thickness tear. You advise the owner to:
A. Destroy the mare immediately before she suffers
B. Cross tie the mare, administer banamine and antibiotics, watch carefully
C. Send the mare immediately for surgery at a referral clinic
D. Turn mare out in a large pasture
B. Cross tie the mare, administer banamine and antibiotics, watch carefully
Cellulitis, abscess, toxemia, lamiitis, intestinal adhesions, stricture, diverticulum and fistula formation are all possible consequences of which grades of rectal tears?
III and IV
Which type of rectal prolapse (I-IV) involves all layers of the rectum?
II
(two)
Which types of rectal prolapse are most common?
I and II
(one and two)
Upon palpating a sheep with a rectal prolapse you feel a depression or “trench” around the prolapsing small colon. What type of prolapse is this?
Type IV
What can be done in addition to replacement of a rectal prolapse and purse string suture to increase fibrosis?
Perirectal injections of iodine
What can be given to decrease the swelling of a rectal prolapse
Hypertonic saline
Glycerol
Gilbert likes glycerol for all kinds of prolapses, highly hydroscopic
Which technique of amputation post rectal prolapse reduces the risk of stricture formation?
Stair step amputation
T/F: Rectal prolapse in a sheep always requires amputation of at least come portion of rectum.
False
