E2: Head, neck, dental Flashcards
Which drug is counterindicated in patients with head trauma?
Ketamine
Which muscle do you dissect through after incising the skin for a tracheostomy?
Sternothyrohyoid muscle
Why is it more difficult to cut through the tracheal rings in older horses?
The rings calcify
What’s going on with this eye?
Hyphema
Which term describes a radiographic contrast evaluation of the nasolacrimal duct?
Dacryocysto-Rhinography
Where is the nasal punctum of the nasolacrimal duct?
In the nose at the division between the pigmented and non-pigmented mucosa
What can be used to assist in drainging the maxillary sinus?
Foley catheter
What term described swelling of the conjunctiva?
Chemosis
May prevent evaluation of the eye
What is fractured? What are some repair options?
Incisive region
Cerlage wire
Cerclage + external fixator (plate)
Tension band technique (interdental space) Interframentary compression
Tension band cerclage + dental acrylic (PMMA) Thermal reaction
Cerclage + lag screw
External fixator + tension band (old AX tubes filled w/PMMA)
External fixator
Why should implants (screws, pins, plates) not be reused? Can the bars and clamps be reused?
Microfractures
Can reuse clamps and bars
Why do vertical ramus fractures not need surgical repair unless they are displaced?
Masseter muscle holds it in place
Order these from strongest to weakest:
External fixator
DCP plate
Tension band + External fixator
Tension band + PMMS
DCP plate - strongest
Tension band + PMMS
Tension band + External fixator
External fixator - weakest
What type of system is this?
Pinless externa fixator system
What is this condition called? How is it treated?
Parrot mouth
Overbite
Place external fixator (Type II) on either side
Perform osteotomy
Use distraction screw to lengthen mandible 1 turn = 1mm
Lengthen 1mm per day
What type of fracture can occur due ot lightning strike?
Neck fractures
T/F: Myelograms under GA may increase deficits caused by neck fractures.
True
What finding on a myelogram indicates a clinically relevant compressive lesion?
Dorsal AND ventral narrowing of the contrast columns at the same level
Which of the following statements is false?
a. The so-called domino-effect can be important cranial and/or caudal to a (semi) fused intervertebral articulation.
b. Severity of neurological signs is the result of the degree
and rate of compression of nervous tissue.
c. The complex occipitoatlantoaxial region is quite
susceptible to trauma resulting in spinal cord
injury with no or little plain radiographic evidence.
d. The degree and rate of compression of nervous tissue does not correlate with the severity of neurological signs.
e. Many vertebral lesions are poorly identified with only
one plane of imaging.
d. The degree and rate of compression of nervous tissue does not correlate with the severity of neurological signs.
What is the correct term for the Hockeneyed term “facet”?
Articular process
What is the correct term for the Hockeneyed term “instability”?
Angular deviation or fixation
What is the correct term for the Hockeneyed term “dorsiflexion” and “ventroflexion”?
Extension of vertebral column = Lordosis
Flexion of vertebral column= Kyphosis
The Hockeneyed terms are appropriate for joint movement not vertebral column
Which of these is NOT common in horses with dental disease?
History of:
a. Weight loss
b. Constipation
c. Head shaking
d. Cribbing
e. Poor perfmorance
f. Lameness
d. Cribbing
What is the border between the 4th premolars and first molars?
Rostral edge of the facial crest
T/F: In horses, the mandible is more narrow than the maxilla.
True
What is the Curve of Spee?
The line that the molars makes - they are not completely flat but rather sloap up caudally
Are foals born with incisors?
No
When does the first incisor in a foal appear? The second? The third?
6 days
6 weeks
6 months
When are the first incisors repalced by adult teeth? Second? Third?
- 5 years
- 5 years
- 5 years
How deep is each incisor cup? When do the cups disappear in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd incisor?
6mm
2mm worn per year
6 years
7 years
8 years
Are horses born with premolars? If yes, how many?
Yes
Always PM2, PM3, and PM4; somtimes PM1
When does the first adult premolar (PM2) come in? PM3? PM4?
2 years
3 years
4 years
Are foals born with molars?
No
No baby molars
When does the first adult molar erupt? 2nd? 3rd?
1 year
2 years
3 years
How often is a dental exam recommended in a healthy horse?
Once per year
T/F: Maxillary enamel points commonly cause lingual ulceration when they become sharp.
False, buccal ulceration
Mandibular cause lingual erosions
When do the deciduous premolars normally erupt in horses?
a. At birth or shoftly after
b. 2 years
c. 3 years
d. 4 years
a. At birth or shoftly after
The difference in width between the upper and lower jaws is called
a. isognathia
b. brachygnathia
c. prognathia
d. anisognathia
d. anisognathia
Brachygnathia is also known as
a. sow mouth
b. monkey mouth
c. parrot mouth
d. none of the above
c. parrot mouth
Retained deciduous incisors
a. may be associated with discomfort
b. cause caudal displacement of the erupting permanent incisors
c. can be removed in a standing patient
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Canine teeth
a. are usually problematic in mares and should be removed
b. may irritate the eruption site
c. are synonymous with wolf teeth
d. none of the above
b. may irritate the eruption site
How old is this horse?
a. About 1 year old
b. About 2 years old
c. About 3 years old
d. About 4 years old
c. About 3 years old
M3 about to erupt
Which cheek tooth is the last to be replaced by an adult tooth?
PM 4
(At 4 years)
In regards to cheek teeth, sharp dental points and overgrowths
a. may traumatize the cheeks or tongue
b. may have been associated with bitting problems
c. require floating
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Deciduous premolar caps
a. may cause discomfort
b. do not occur in filles and mares
c. are also known as wolf teeth
d. none of the above
a. may cause discomfort
Eruption cysts
a. are not detectable with radiography
b. are associated with eruption of permanent premolars
c. do not occur on the maxilla
d. all of the above
b. are associated with eruption of permanent premolars
* Not as noticable on maxilla due to overlying soft tissue; regress over 1-2 years*
Wolf teeth may
a. cause pain due to bit contact
b. not be present in all of the dental arcades
c. do not erupt
d. all of the above
b. not be present in all of the dental arcades
Horse can have 0-4 wolf teeth
In regard to dental examination
a. wetting the hands and instruments can reduce irritation to the horse’s mouth
b. wearing examination gloves helps minimize contamination of the clinician’s skin
c. a bright light source facilitates most procedures
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
What are these?
Molar forceps
What is a gap between teeth called?
Diastemata
T/F: When trying to remove a tooth standing, if it cannot be removed within 10-15 minutes the horse should be taken to surgery.
True
How do you seal the socket after removing a tooth?
PMMA plug
What’s this?
Trephine
What does a draining tract at the base of the ear indicate? Especially if it is refractory to treatment.
Dentigerous cyst
Congenital swelling at base of ear, tx by removing
