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LA Sx scs RUSVM > Final: Little 3- Bones and misc. > Flashcards

Final: Little 3- Bones and misc. Flashcards

1
Q

Forelimb: What view is this? What type of fracture? Which type of horse is this most common?

A

DP view

Make sure you take tangential view to fully evaluate the joint

Displaced long parasagittal articular fx of distal MC III

(Lateral condylar fracture)

Most common in young racehorses

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2
Q

___ racehorses will get lateral condylar fractures of MCIII >2x more often than MTIII. In ____ racehorses the front and hindlimb are equally affected.

A

TB

SB

S = same

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3
Q

What is indicated for first aid in a horse with a lateral condylar fracture?

A

Compression bandage

NSAIDs

Absolute stall rest

+/- Kimzey splint

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4
Q

How are lateral condylar fractures surgically repaired?

A

Internal fixation with transcortical screws in lag fashion

2 screws accross the fx site 20mm apart

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5
Q

Where should the first screw be placed when repairing a lateral condylar fracture? What landmark do you use?

A

Closest to the joint surface

To allow for realignment of the articular surface

Epicondylar fossa

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6
Q

Why is arthroscopy used intra-operatively when repairing an articular fracture?

A

To ensure articular alignment to ensure a successful surgery

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7
Q

What is the most common long bone fracture in the horse?

A

Diaphyseal fx of MCIII and MTIII (cannon bone)

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8
Q

What is the optimum treatment for a cannon bone fracture (be specific)?

A

Double plate fixation with plates placed on the tension side of the bone and 90degrees and off-set from each other, spanning the entire length of the bone

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9
Q

What must you do before placing plates on a cannon bone fracture if the fracture is comminuted?

A

Reduce/ transform the fx into 2 fragments (with lag screws)

Ensure +++ intrafragmentary compression

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10
Q

If we are gaining compression via plates and screws (rather than lag screws) what is the maximum amount of compression you can achieve?

A

4mm

1mm per screw, 2 screw on either side of the fx

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11
Q

Which type of plate allows for continuity of bending stiffness and improved blood supply under the plate?

A

LC-DCP

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12
Q

Which type of plate was specifically designed for equine fracture repair?

A

Locking Compression- 5.5mm LCP

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13
Q

Which plate function transforms tensile forces into compressive forces?

a. Compression
b. Neutralization
c. Tension band
d. Buttressing

A

c. Tension band

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14
Q

Which plate placement functions to bridge the area of the bone defect and is rarely used in horses?

a. Compression
b. Neutralization
c. Tension band
d. Buttressing

A

d. Buttressing

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15
Q

What is the difference between a locking and a cortical bone screw?

A

Locking screw has thread in the head of the screw

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16
Q

What muscle inserts on the olecranon?

A

Triceps

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17
Q

What term is used to describe the olecranon in young patients?

A

Apophysis

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18
Q

What are your ddx for a patient with a dropped albow with the carpus in flexion(NWB)?

A

Ulnar fracture

Radial nerve paralysis

Humeral fracture

Neuro disease (WNV)

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19
Q

In case of an ulnar fracture, a _____ should be placed to keep the carpus in ______. It should be applied to the _____ surface and extend from the _______ to the _______.

A

In case of an ulnar fracture, a SPLINT should be placed to keep the carpus in EXTENSION . It should be applied to the PALMAR surface and extend from the FETLOCK to the ELBOW.

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20
Q

What is the treatment of choice for an olecranon fracture?

A

Open reduction and internal fixation - LC-DCP plate on the caudal ulna

Tension-band principle

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21
Q

What is the weight limit for using a tension band technique to repair an olecranon fracture?

A

250kg

>250kg requires plate

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22
Q

T/F: In adult horses with olecranon fractures, distal screws can be inserted into the caudal cortex of the radius.

A

True, ensures rigid fixation

<1yo no- still growing

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23
Q

What type of repair of a femoral physeal fracture can be attempted in foals?

A

Dynamic hip screw (DHS) system

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24
Q

A 3 mo calf has a closed, displaced proximal tibial physeal fracture with a large metaphyseal fragment laterally. What is the treatment of choice?

A

Thomas Schroeder Splint/Cast

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25
Q

How should you transport a horse with a closed short oblique fracture with marked displacement and over-riding?

A

In a trailer with dividers (so horse can lead) with the head toward the back of the trailer

Stabilize patient first

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26
Q

How would you splint a radial fracture?

A

On lateral and palmar aspect

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27
Q

How many pins per fragment do you need if you are using an external fixator?

A

Two

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28
Q

How are pins placed in a type 2 external fixator?

A

Laterally to medially

29
Q

How are pins placed in a type 3 external fixator?

A

Laterally to medially

AND

Cranially to caudally

(half-pins)

30
Q

What type of repair is used for communuted phalangeal fractures?

A

Transfixation pin casting

31
Q

What can be done to help increase the strength of a pin and plate repair?

A

Lute the plates

Cement-like substance for pakcing a joint or coating a porous surface

32
Q

T/F: Stall rest is unsuccessful for femoral fractures.

A

True

33
Q

Why does screw and plate loosening occur in ruminants <4 months of age?

A

Cortical bone is thin and soft

34
Q

IM pins for open reduction and stack pinning should be placed as ______ as possible without entering the joint. The pins should also be ________ (type of pin).

A

Distal

Threaded-end

35
Q

What is the white arrow pointing to? What type of external fixator is this?

A

Active drain

Type 1

36
Q

Against which forces to IM pins NOT protect ?

A

Axial

Compressive

37
Q

What is the success rate when using double plate application (on the cranial and lateral aspects) to repair a femoral fracture in a foal?

A

50%

Adults super shitty prognosis

38
Q

T/F: Contralateral angular limb deformity is a complication of fracture repair in mares.

A

False, immature animals

39
Q

T/F: Fractures can heal in the face of infection.

A

True

Must remove implant before the whole bone gets eaten by the infection

40
Q

What material are the antibiotic beads that do not dissolve made of?

A

PMMA

41
Q

Why do manibular fractures often heal very well?

A

Excellent vascular supply and non-weightbaring

42
Q

T/F: Loose teeth should be removed when a mandibular fracture is repaired.

A

False, NEVER until after the fracture has healed

43
Q

When using screw and wire fixation to repair a mandibular fracture, which structures must you avoid?

A

Facial nerve

Buccal branch of facial nerve

Palatine artery

Tooth roots

44
Q

How would you repair this fracture of the incisive area of the mandible?

A

Cerclage wire fixation

45
Q

How would you provide tension across a fracture site on the maxilla?

A

Bilateral tension band wiring/ wire fixation

46
Q

How would you repair a bilateral fracture of the horizonal ramus of the mandible in a calf?

A

Normograde pinning with 2 diverging pins (on down each ramus)

47
Q

What are indications for mandibular plate application?

A

Fracture of body and vertical ramus of the mandible

Fracture of caudal aspect of the horizontal ramus

48
Q

On what surfaces can mandibular plates be applied?

A

Compression surface- vental, lateral, or ventrolateral

49
Q

Why is a diet change not indicated after a incisor fracture repair?

A

Causes upset of GI flora -> Colitis

50
Q

When are implants from mandibular fracture repairs removed?

A

6-8 weeks

Rads at 6 weeks

51
Q

What is the primary reason for graft failure in horses?

A

Infection

52
Q

What procedure is performed for a horse with a surgical impaction?

A

Pelvic flexure enterotomy

53
Q

In which direction does the right ventral colon usually twist?

A

Dorsomedial

54
Q

What is the most distal nerve block performed in the horse?

A

Palmar digital

55
Q

What horse shoe is indicated for heel pain?

A

Shortened toe/ roll the toe

56
Q

What is the maintenance fluid requirement for horses?

A

40-60 mL/kg/day

57
Q

What is the incision site for equine castration?

A

Scrotal

58
Q

What is the best way to minimize post-castration swelling?

A

Exercise

59
Q

What medication is given post-op to all castrations?

A

Phenylbutazone

60
Q

Which vaccine is administered at what intervals to a pregnant mare before parturition?

A

Pneumabort-K (Herpes virus vax)

Month 3, 7, and 9 of gestation

61
Q

When placing a cortical screw in lag fashion, the glide hole is this size compared to the screw size.

A

Same size

62
Q

What is the best non-surgical treatment for ethmoid hematomas?

A

Intralesional formalin

63
Q

Which side of the tooth are dental points on the maxilla?

A

Buccal

64
Q

What is the lay term used to describe osteoarthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint?

A

Low ring bone

65
Q

What joints are affected by bone spavins?

A

Tarsometatarsal (TMT)

Distal intertarsal (DIT)

66
Q

When treating a foal with a valgus deformity, which side is the transphyseal screw placed in?

A

Medial

67
Q

What is the preferred gastric ulcer medication in foals?

A

Ranitidine

68
Q

Which sedative is not given to horses under 2 weeks of age?

A

A-2 agonists (xylazine)

LA Sx scs RUSVM (20 decks)

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