Final Help Flashcards
Physical science
Study of non-living things
Inductive reasoning
Using observation to make conclusion
Deductive reasoning
General to specific. Parts from a principle
Artificial selection
How humas alter which characteristics flourish
Systems Biology
Studying interactions in biological systems
Emergent properties
Group properties not properties of the individual
Modern synthesis
Fusion of genetics and evolution
Population genetics
What changes allele frequency through time
Allele frequency
How often an allele is in a population
Gene pool
Total Alleles in a place
Founder effect
New event that causes a change in gene frequency
Hardy Weinberg principle
Equation that calculated gene frequency
P2
Dominant homozygous
Q2
Homo recessive
2pq
Heterozygous
Genetic Drift
Random deleting of an allele
Bottle neck
Large original population that goes through a drastic change and results in little population
Gene flow
How genes move from one environment to another
Environmental impacts
Can also cause changes in alleles
Natural selection
Can also impact the gene frequency
Stabilizing selection
Average phenotype is favored
Directional selection
Change in environment that changes the spectrum of phenotype chooses one end of the spectrum
Diversifying selection
. individuals on both sides of spectrum are favored but not the middle
Frequency dependent selection
Favors common or rare phenotypes
Dimorphism
Difference in males and females
Sexual selection
More favored by other sex reproduce
What makes a nucleotide
- sugar
- nitrogenous base
- phosphate
Monomers of DNA and
RNA
Nucleotides
A phospholipid is made of
Glycerol and 2 fatty acids
Bonds between 2 nitrogens
3
Tryglycerides are
Lipids
Which donates electrons in salt
Na+
Comparing a pH of 1 with a pH of 2
pH of 1 is 10 times more acidic
Tertiary structure is
The 3D shape of the protein
Quartenary structure
2 or more polypeptides
___ differentiates one protein from another
Amino acid sequence
Hydrogen binds give water a
High heat capacity
Organic compounds
Contain carbon
Amino acids are made of
Carboxyl and amino groups and an R group
Organisms do NOT have a
Constant internal environment
Ice is less dense than water
True
Hydrolysis
Breaks down with water
Which fat is more likely to cause heart disease
Trans fat
Glycogen is the equivalent of ___ in plants
Starch
Photoautotrophs make
Organic molecules from inorganic molecules
Anaerobic reactions
Transfer energy to ATP molecules
Break down glucose into 2 pyruvic acid molecules
Occur in the absence of oxygen
Giving a message from a membrane receptor to a molecule happens when
A signaling molecule binds to a protein outside of the cell
Chlorophyll is in
Thylakoid membranes
Anabolic metabolism refers to
Reactions that make compounds
Stomata
Holes where CO2 oxygen and water are exchanged
Photophosphorylation moves H+ from the stroma to the thylakoids, this creates an H+ gradient
True
Volume increases faster than
Surface area
What provides the boost of electrons
Photons
Pyruvate forms after
Glycolysis
Carbon fixation is taking CO2 and
Making it into an organic molecule
The citric acid cycle doesn’t make
Pyruvate
Mitochondria contain
Dna and RNA code
Steroids
Change gene expression
Combine with receptors
Are soluble in lipids
Cellular respiration is
Breaking down sugar and oxygen to make glucose
What does the Calvin cycle produce
Glucose ADP
NADP+
Anything that prevents ATP formation results in
Cell death
The electron Transport chain moves electrons from photosystem II to
Photosystem I
After leaving the light reactions, NADP+ Is reduced to
NADPH
Vitamins are
Coenzymes
Endergonic
Requires energy
Where does the electron transport chain happen
Mitochondrial memebrane
Mesophyll
Middle part of a leaf
Stomata
Holes on the outside of leaves
Light reactions
Harvesting of light to power the electron Transport chain and make ATP and NADPH
