Chapter 6 Flashcards
Equation for respiration
C6H12O6+6O2 —> 6CO2+6H2O+Energy
Gibbs free energy
Energy available for work after a chemical reaction
When ∆G<0
Exergonic reaction
Exergonic reaction
Exherts energy
Reactants have more energy than the products
Exergonic reactions are spontaneous
They happen without added energy but they don’t occur quickly because they need a certain level of activation energy
Activation energyakes the reactants
Unstable
Heat helps reactants reach their
Transition state
In the transition state reactions happen
Quickly
__ ___ is the main source of activation energy in a cell
Heat energy
Heat helps __ reach their transition state
Reactants
Catalyst
Speeds up a reaction
Thermodynamics
Energy and how it transfers from different things
First law of thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
First law of thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
Second law of thermodynamics
Energy transfer is not completely efficient
During a reaction some heat is lost in an ____ form
Unusable
Adenine+ ribose+3 phosphates make
ATP
The 3 P are named as follows
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
Sodium Potassium pump
Pumps 3 Na out pulls 2K in
- antiporter
- uses ATP
Enzymes speed up reactions by
Promoting bond breaking and bond forming
Enzymes are specific and catalyze a
Single reaction
There are non protein enzymes like
Ribosimes
Substrates
Reactants in a reaction
Place where substrates bind
Active site
Active sites
Binding sites
Catalytic sites
Induced fit
A small change in the active site that helps enzyme efficiency
3D structure of protein is determined by
Aminoacid sequence of the polypeptide
Four ways in which an enzyme can help a substrate reach it’s transition state
- align 2 substrates perfectly to fit so they can react faster
- provide an optimal environment
- contort the substrate to make it unstable
- temporarily react chemically change the substrate so it can be more unstable
What things affect enzyme function
Promoters inhibitors coenzymes co-factors and the environment
Allosteric inhibitors
Change the shape of an enzyme by binding to a site different than the active site and make the substrate have a harder time binding
Co-factors
Inorganic ions that help proteins fold
Coenzymes
Organic molecules such as ATP and nadh+vitamins that help enzymes
Feedback inhibition in metabolic pathways
The final product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an upstream step
NaDH carries 2 electrons and a proton more than
Nad+
Phosphorylated molecules are
Less stable
90% of ATP comes from
Chemeosmosis
Chemeosmosis happens in
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Plasma memebrane of aerobic prokaryotes
Aerobic
Needs oxygen
Anaerobic
Doesn’t need oxygen
How does chemeosmosis work
A high concentration of protons in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria
And a low concentration of protons in the matrix cause an electrochemical gradient to form that powers ATP synthase and produces ATP
Who discovered the chemeosmotic theory?
Peter Mitchell and Jennifer moyle
Equation for cellular respiration
C6H12O6+6O2—> 6CO2+6H2O+36ATP
Metabolic processes involved in cellular respiration
- Glycolysis
- Oxidation of pyruvate and the citric acid cycle
- Oxidative Phosphorylation
Oxidation of pyruvate is often called
The conversion step
Glycolysis is anaerobic / aerobic
Anaerobic
Glycolysis happens in
Cytosol
Citric acid cycle is anaerobic/aerobic
Aerobic
The citric acid cycle happens in
Matrix of mitochondria
Where does Oxidative Phosphorylation happen
Inner membrane of mitochondria
Glycolysis generates a net gain of
2ATP
Inputs of glycolysis
1 C6H12O6
2 NAD+
2ATP
4ADP
Output of glycolysis
2 pyruvate
2NADH
4ATP
2ADP
Each pyruvate has __ carbons
3
Red blood cells only do
Glycolysis
How many atp are produced by anaerobic cells
2
Inputs to the oxidation of pyruvate are
2 pyruvate
2NAD+
2CoA
Outputs to the oxidation of pyruvate are
2CO2
2AaDH
2Acetyl CoA
Outputs for the oxidation of pyruvate
Two carbon dioxide
2 NADH
2 AcetylCoA
Citric acid cycle inputs
2Acetyl CoA
2ADP
6NAD+
2FAD
Citric acid cycle outputs
4CO2
2ATP
6NADH
2FADH2
When is glucose completely oxidized
After the citric acid cycle
What does it mean for something to be completely oxidized
All possible electrons have been removed
After the citric acid cycle we have
4ATP
6Co2
10NADH
2FADH2
After the citric acid cycle most energy is stored in
The electron carrier molecules
An oxidative phosphorylation oxygen is
Primary electron acceptor
An oxidative phosphorylation oxygen is
Primary electron acceptor
The electron transport chain is
A series of transporters embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane
Where is the electron transport chain
It is in the inner mitochondrial membrane
What does the electron transport chain do
The electron transport chain moves electrons from the carrier molecules to oxygen
Why does the electron transport chain move electrons from the carrier molecules to oxygen
Because oxygen is the primary electron acceptor of oxidative phosphorylation
True or false free electrons are bad for living systems
True free electrons are bad for living systems
How does the electron transport chain create an electrochemical gradient
The movement of electrons through the electron transport chain moves protons into the intermembrane space. This happens because that’s the electrons move some energy is released
The electrin transport chain pushed protons into the
Intermembrane space
During the electron Transport chain O2 is reduced to form
H20
Each electron Transporter/ carriers is more ___than the previous
Electronegative
Electrochemical gradients have
Potential energy
Atp translocate moves
ATP out of the matrix and ADP inside
