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Biology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Equation for respiration

A

C6H12O6+6O2 —> 6CO2+6H2O+Energy

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2
Q

Gibbs free energy

A

Energy available for work after a chemical reaction

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3
Q

When ∆G<0

A

Exergonic reaction

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4
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

Exherts energy

Reactants have more energy than the products

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5
Q

Exergonic reactions are spontaneous

A

They happen without added energy but they don’t occur quickly because they need a certain level of activation energy

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6
Q

Activation energyakes the reactants

A

Unstable

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7
Q

Heat helps reactants reach their

A

Transition state

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8
Q

In the transition state reactions happen

A

Quickly

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9
Q

__ ___ is the main source of activation energy in a cell

A

Heat energy

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10
Q

Heat helps __ reach their transition state

A

Reactants

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11
Q

Catalyst

A

Speeds up a reaction

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12
Q

Thermodynamics

A

Energy and how it transfers from different things

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13
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

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14
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

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15
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

Energy transfer is not completely efficient

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16
Q

During a reaction some heat is lost in an ____ form

A

Unusable

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17
Q

Adenine+ ribose+3 phosphates make

A

ATP

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18
Q

The 3 P are named as follows

A

Alpha
Beta
Gamma

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19
Q

Sodium Potassium pump

A

Pumps 3 Na out pulls 2K in

  • antiporter
  • uses ATP
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20
Q

Enzymes speed up reactions by

A

Promoting bond breaking and bond forming

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21
Q

Enzymes are specific and catalyze a

A

Single reaction

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22
Q

There are non protein enzymes like

A

Ribosimes

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23
Q

Substrates

A

Reactants in a reaction

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24
Q

Place where substrates bind

A

Active site

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25
Q

Active sites

A

Binding sites

Catalytic sites

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26
Q

Induced fit

A

A small change in the active site that helps enzyme efficiency

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27
Q

3D structure of protein is determined by

A

Aminoacid sequence of the polypeptide

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28
Q

Four ways in which an enzyme can help a substrate reach it’s transition state

A
  • align 2 substrates perfectly to fit so they can react faster
  • provide an optimal environment
  • contort the substrate to make it unstable
  • temporarily react chemically change the substrate so it can be more unstable
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29
Q

What things affect enzyme function

A

Promoters inhibitors coenzymes co-factors and the environment

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30
Q

Allosteric inhibitors

A

Change the shape of an enzyme by binding to a site different than the active site and make the substrate have a harder time binding

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31
Q

Co-factors

A

Inorganic ions that help proteins fold

32
Q

Coenzymes

A

Organic molecules such as ATP and nadh+vitamins that help enzymes

33
Q

Feedback inhibition in metabolic pathways

A

The final product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an upstream step

34
Q

NaDH carries 2 electrons and a proton more than

A

Nad+

35
Q

Phosphorylated molecules are

A

Less stable

36
Q

90% of ATP comes from

A

Chemeosmosis

37
Q

Chemeosmosis happens in

A

Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Plasma memebrane of aerobic prokaryotes

38
Q

Aerobic

A

Needs oxygen

39
Q

Anaerobic

A

Doesn’t need oxygen

40
Q

How does chemeosmosis work

A

A high concentration of protons in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria
And a low concentration of protons in the matrix cause an electrochemical gradient to form that powers ATP synthase and produces ATP

41
Q

Who discovered the chemeosmotic theory?

A

Peter Mitchell and Jennifer moyle

42
Q

Equation for cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6+6O2—> 6CO2+6H2O+36ATP

43
Q

Metabolic processes involved in cellular respiration

A
  • Glycolysis
  • Oxidation of pyruvate and the citric acid cycle
  • Oxidative Phosphorylation
44
Q

Oxidation of pyruvate is often called

A

The conversion step

45
Q

Glycolysis is anaerobic / aerobic

A

Anaerobic

46
Q

Glycolysis happens in

A

Cytosol

47
Q

Citric acid cycle is anaerobic/aerobic

A

Aerobic

48
Q

The citric acid cycle happens in

A

Matrix of mitochondria

49
Q

Where does Oxidative Phosphorylation happen

A

Inner membrane of mitochondria

50
Q

Glycolysis generates a net gain of

A

2ATP

51
Q

Inputs of glycolysis

A

1 C6H12O6
2 NAD+
2ATP
4ADP

52
Q

Output of glycolysis

A

2 pyruvate
2NADH
4ATP
2ADP

53
Q

Each pyruvate has __ carbons

A

3

54
Q

Red blood cells only do

A

Glycolysis

55
Q

How many atp are produced by anaerobic cells

A

2

56
Q

Inputs to the oxidation of pyruvate are

A

2 pyruvate
2NAD+
2CoA

57
Q

Outputs to the oxidation of pyruvate are

A

2CO2
2AaDH
2Acetyl CoA

58
Q

Outputs for the oxidation of pyruvate

A

Two carbon dioxide
2 NADH
2 AcetylCoA

59
Q

Citric acid cycle inputs

A

2Acetyl CoA
2ADP
6NAD+
2FAD

60
Q

Citric acid cycle outputs

A

4CO2
2ATP
6NADH
2FADH2

61
Q

When is glucose completely oxidized

A

After the citric acid cycle

62
Q

What does it mean for something to be completely oxidized

A

All possible electrons have been removed

63
Q

After the citric acid cycle we have

A

4ATP
6Co2
10NADH
2FADH2

64
Q

After the citric acid cycle most energy is stored in

A

The electron carrier molecules

65
Q

An oxidative phosphorylation oxygen is

A

Primary electron acceptor

66
Q

An oxidative phosphorylation oxygen is

A

Primary electron acceptor

67
Q

The electron transport chain is

A

A series of transporters embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane

68
Q

Where is the electron transport chain

A

It is in the inner mitochondrial membrane

69
Q

What does the electron transport chain do

A

The electron transport chain moves electrons from the carrier molecules to oxygen

70
Q

Why does the electron transport chain move electrons from the carrier molecules to oxygen

A

Because oxygen is the primary electron acceptor of oxidative phosphorylation

71
Q

True or false free electrons are bad for living systems

A

True free electrons are bad for living systems

72
Q

How does the electron transport chain create an electrochemical gradient

A

The movement of electrons through the electron transport chain moves protons into the intermembrane space. This happens because that’s the electrons move some energy is released

73
Q

The electrin transport chain pushed protons into the

A

Intermembrane space

74
Q

During the electron Transport chain O2 is reduced to form

A

H20

75
Q

Each electron Transporter/ carriers is more ___than the previous

A

Electronegative

76
Q

Electrochemical gradients have

A

Potential energy

77
Q

Atp translocate moves

A

ATP out of the matrix and ADP inside

Biology (15 decks)

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