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Psych 403 > Final Exam Study Guide Exam 3 > Flashcards

Final Exam Study Guide Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

the phantom limb phenomenon can include

A

sensations of pain, pressure, warmth, cold and itching

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2
Q

the frequency of vibration determines its

A

pitch

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3
Q

because the cochlea is filled with fluids, sounds transmitted through air,

A

must be transferred to a liquid medium

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4
Q

the lower frequencies of sound are encoded into pitch by means of

A

rate (frequency) coding

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5
Q

to determine the left-right localization of continuous low-pitched sounds, we use phase differences, which refers to

A

the time interval between the arrival at each ear of the oscillating sound wave

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6
Q

the ___ contains the sensory receptors of the semicircular canals

A

ampulla

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7
Q

ocular dominance refers to

A

alternate columns in the visual cortex responding to inputs from left and right eye

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8
Q

the semicircular canals are aligned

A

to the sagittal, transverse and horizontal planes in the head

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9
Q

dorsal stream of visua processing

A

is the “where” pathway

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10
Q

depth perception is achieved by

A
  • monocular depth cues
  • motion parallax
  • retinal disparity
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11
Q

phototransduction refers to

A

converting light signals to electro-chemical signals

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12
Q

the 2 parts of the photopigment molecule are

A

opsin and retinal

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13
Q

optic nerves from each eye meet at the ___ where half of the axons cross to the opposite side of the brain

A

optic chiasm

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14
Q

centre-surround

A

shape of receptive field of ganglion cells

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15
Q

the first step in visual perception occurs when light

A

causes a photopigment to split into its 2 parts

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16
Q

retinal disparity helps us to recognize

A

depth

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17
Q

CO blobs of the striate cortex contain

A

color sensitive neurons

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18
Q

the ventral stream of visual association cortex recognizes

A

the identity and color of an object

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19
Q

Neurons in the ___ are colorblind, but can detect small contrasts between light and dark

A

magnocellular system

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20
Q

people who can not recognize common objects by sight but have good visual acuity have

A

visual agnosia

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21
Q

can’t recognize faces

A

prosopangnosia

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22
Q

akinetopsia is the inability to

A

perceive movement

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23
Q

most mammals such as dogs are ___, although humans are ___

A

dichromats; trichromats

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24
Q

what types of coding are involved in pitch?

A

frequency coding, place coding

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25
Q

___ lobes primarily process visual info; ___ lobes process auditory info.

A

occipital; temporal

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26
Q

has no hair follicles

A

glabrous skin

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27
Q

located in the middle layer of the retina and send info from the photoreceptors to the ganglion cells

A

bipolar cells

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28
Q

color is a property od

A

the brain

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29
Q

locate figure v. ground
detect movement
detect color

A

functions of vision

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30
Q
  • light sensitive (not color)
  • found in periphery of retina
  • consists of stacked protein disks
A

rods

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31
Q
  • color sensitive
  • found mostly in fovea
  • one continuous membrane
A

cones

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32
Q

are there more rods or cones?

A

rods (120 million to cones 6 million)

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33
Q

retinal circuitry orders

A

photoreceptor- 1st order
Bipolar cells- 2nd order
ganglion- 3rd order

34
Q

bony pockets in the front of the skull

A

orbits

35
Q

white tissue of the eye

A

sclera

36
Q

mucous membrane that line the eyelid and protect the eye

A

conjuctiva

37
Q

transparent outer covering of the eye that admits light

A

cornea

38
Q

adjustable opening in the iris that regulates the amount of light that enters the eye

A

pupil

39
Q

pigmented ring of muscles situated behind the cornea

A

iris

40
Q

consist of a series of transparent, onion-like layers. Shape can be changed by contraction of ciliary muscles

A

lens

41
Q

changes in the thickness of the lens, accomplished by the ciliary muscles, that focus images of near or distant objects on the retina

A

accommodation

42
Q

the neural tissue and photoreceptive cells located on the inner surface of the posterior portion of the eye

A

retina

43
Q

area of retina that mediates the most acute vision. contains mostly color-sensitive cones

A

fovea

44
Q

location on the retina where fibers of ganglion cells exit the eye; responsible for the blind spot

A

optic disk

45
Q

which channels are open and what is released in the dark?

A

Na+ channels open, glutamate released

46
Q

__ breaks opsin and retinal apart

A

light

47
Q

visual pathway within retina

A

photoreceptor-> bipolar cell -> ganglion cell

48
Q

visual pathway beyond retina

A

ganglion cell-> through optic chiasm-> lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) -> primary visual cortex-> extra striate areas

49
Q

“ON-Cell”

A

light placed on center increases firing; light placed on surround decreases firing

50
Q
  • cells from retina terminate in LGN layers 1,2
  • carry info on contrast and movement (color insensitive)
  • carry input from “A” retinal ganglion (Y type) cells
A

magnocellular system

51
Q

cells from the retina terminate in LGN layers 3-6

  • carry info on fine detail, and R/G color
  • carry input from “B” retinal ganglion cell (X type)
A

parvocellular system

52
Q

cells from retina terminate between major layers in LGN

  • carry info on B/Y color
  • carry input from bistratified ganglion cells
A

koniocellular system

53
Q

is the circular receptive field larger for magnocellular or parvocellular

A

magnocellular

54
Q

cells respond to same orientation, adjacent cells are shifted by 10 degrees

A

orientation columns

55
Q

visual neurons respond to

A

a sine wave grating: alternating patches of light and dark

56
Q

which is mostly magnocellular input: dorsal or ventral

A

dorsal

57
Q

“what an object is (analysis form)

A

ventral

58
Q

equal mix of magnocellular and parvocellular output

A

ventral

59
Q

monocular cues

A
  • perspective
  • relative retinal size
  • apparent movement (motion parallax)
  • occlusion
60
Q

binocular cues

A
  • retinal disparity (stereopsis): difference in images
61
Q

form perception totally absent

A

apperceptive agnosia

62
Q

disconnection between form recognition and some type of verbal/ associative output

A

associative agnosia

63
Q

outer ear membrane

A
  • pinna
  • auditory canal (meatus)
  • tympanic membrane
64
Q

middle ear

A
  • ossicles: malleus, incus, staoes
65
Q

inner ear

A

cochlea

66
Q

3 chambers of the cochlea

A

S. Vestibuli
S. media
S. tympani

67
Q

___ hair cells touch the tectorial membrane directly

A

outer

68
Q

___ hair cells do not touch the tectorial membrane, but the fluid moves them

A

inner

69
Q

for high frequencies, vibration produces a travelling wave

A

near the base of basilar membrane

70
Q

for moderate frequencies, vibration produces a travelling wave

A

near the apex of basilar membrane

71
Q

different regions of the basilar membrane project to different areas of cortex:

A

tonotopic representation

72
Q

support for place theory

A
  • observations of travelling waves
  • antibiotics
  • cochlear implants
73
Q

perception of Pitch: place coding

A

mid-to-high frequencies

74
Q

perception of pitch: rate coding

A

low frequencies

75
Q

coding of localization: low frequencies

A

phase or time of arrival coding

76
Q

coding of localization: high frequencies

A

“sound shadows”/ timbre

77
Q

perception of body’s position and posture

- provides feedback from muscles, joints and organs to control movement

A

proprioception

78
Q

perception of body’s own movements

A

kinesthesia

79
Q

sense modality that arises from receptors located within the inner organs of body

A

organic sense

80
Q

precise touch, kinesthesia

- decussates at midbrain

A

Somatosensory pathway: lemniscal pathway

81
Q

pain, temperature

- decussates at spinal cord

A

spinothalamic pathway

Psych 403 (14 decks)

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