Chapter 12 learning and memory Flashcards
Lashley’s “engram”
physical representation of memory
motor learning
automation of task
relational learning
understanding connections between stimuli
increases in the excitability of a neuron due to repeated input
hippocampal formation
Long term potential
long term potential requires
activation of synapses and depolarization of postsynaptic membrane
LTP involves
- release of glutamate
- activation of NMDA receptors in depolarized membrane
- entry of calcium ions
long term depression
opposite of LTP involves synaptic weakening
CAM-KII
calcium dependent enzyme that forms new AMPAR
causes synaptic activation when cell is weakly depolarized or hyperpolarized
long-term depression
causes a decrease in AMPA receptors
long term depression
LTP inversely causes an increase in AMPA receptors
ventral stream
what object issues
ability to differentiate visual patterns requires intact connections between visual cortex and inferior temporal cortex
learning about simple perceptual objects occurs in
association cortex
dorsal stream
where object issues
central amygdala causes
freezing, autonomic changes
what are the 2 major connections between the sensory association cortex and motor association cortex?
- direct transcortical connections (connections from one area of the cerebral cortex to another)
- basal ganglia and thalamus
transcortical role in instrumental conditioning
episodic memories, encoding
basal ganglia and thalamus role in instrumental conditioning
change memories into automatic responses
self-stimulation supported by electrodes passed through which path?
mesolimbic
nucleus accumbens
-rats will self-inject dopamine directly
-natural reinforcers increase extracellular dopamine levels
(drugs of abuse also increase DA levels)
may reduce DA in conditioned punishers
conditioned punishers
declarative memory
memory that can be verbally expressed, such as memory for events in a person’s past
nondeclarative memory
memory whose formation does not depend on hippocampal formation; a collective term for perceptual, stimulus-response, and motor memory
episodic memory
memory of collection of perceptions of events organized in time and identified by particular context
semantic memory
memory of facts and general information
people with anterograde amnesia are unable to consolidate information about location of rooms, corridors, buildings, roads, and other important items in their environment, this is
spatial memory
