Chapter 12 learning and memory

Question 1

Lashley’s “engram”

Answer 1

physical representation of memory

Question 2

motor learning

Answer 2

automation of task

Question 3

relational learning

Answer 3

understanding connections between stimuli

Question 4

increases in the excitability of a neuron due to repeated input
hippocampal formation

Answer 4

Long term potential

Question 5

long term potential requires

Answer 5

activation of synapses and depolarization of postsynaptic membrane

Question 6

LTP involves

Answer 6

• release of glutamate
• activation of NMDA receptors in depolarized membrane
• entry of calcium ions

Question 7

long term depression

Answer 7

opposite of LTP involves synaptic weakening

Question 8

CAM-KII

Answer 8

calcium dependent enzyme that forms new AMPAR

Question 9

causes synaptic activation when cell is weakly depolarized or hyperpolarized

Answer 9

long-term depression

Question 10

causes a decrease in AMPA receptors

Answer 10

long term depression

LTP inversely causes an increase in AMPA receptors

Question 11

ventral stream

Answer 11

what object issues

ability to differentiate visual patterns requires intact connections between visual cortex and inferior temporal cortex

Question 12

learning about simple perceptual objects occurs in

Answer 12

association cortex

Question 13

dorsal stream

Answer 13

where object issues

Question 14

central amygdala causes

Answer 14

freezing, autonomic changes

Question 15

what are the 2 major connections between the sensory association cortex and motor association cortex?

Answer 15

• direct transcortical connections (connections from one area of the cerebral cortex to another)
• basal ganglia and thalamus

Question 16

transcortical role in instrumental conditioning

Answer 16

episodic memories, encoding

Question 17

basal ganglia and thalamus role in instrumental conditioning

Answer 17

change memories into automatic responses

Question 18

self-stimulation supported by electrodes passed through which path?

Answer 18

mesolimbic

Question 19

nucleus accumbens

Answer 19

-rats will self-inject dopamine directly
-natural reinforcers increase extracellular dopamine levels
(drugs of abuse also increase DA levels)

Question 20

may reduce DA in conditioned punishers

Answer 20

conditioned punishers

Question 21

declarative memory

Answer 21

memory that can be verbally expressed, such as memory for events in a person’s past

Question 22

nondeclarative memory

Answer 22

memory whose formation does not depend on hippocampal formation; a collective term for perceptual, stimulus-response, and motor memory

Question 23

episodic memory

Answer 23

memory of collection of perceptions of events organized in time and identified by particular context

Question 24

semantic memory

Answer 24

memory of facts and general information

Question 25

people with anterograde amnesia are unable to consolidate information about location of rooms, corridors, buildings, roads, and other important items in their environment, this is

Answer 25

spatial memory