Chapter 14 brain damage

Question 1

uncontrolledd cell growth

Answer 1

tumor

Question 2

benign

Answer 2

not dangerous, slow growing and well incapsulated

Question 3

metastasis

Answer 3

may come from other parts of the body

Question 4

metastatic carcinoma (tumor cell types)

Answer 4

from primary tumor

Question 5

angioma (brain tumors)

Answer 5

blood vessels

Question 6

neurinoma (brain tumors)

Answer 6

sheathing and connective tissues

Question 7

seizure disorders characterized by

Answer 7

spread of uncontrolled neural excitation

Question 8

partial seizures

Answer 8

most common

- focal (usually scarred region) so won’t spread to entire brain

Question 9

generalized seizures

Answer 9

widespread involving most of the brain

origin not always discovered

Question 10

simple partial seizures

Answer 10

often cause changes in consciousness

do not cause loss of consciousness

Question 11

complex seizures

Answer 11

cause loss of consciousness

Question 12

generalized and because it includes the motor system of the brain, it involves convulsions
- person often experiences warning symptoms

Answer 12

tonic clonic (grand mal) seizure

Question 13

aura

Answer 13

sensation that precedes a seizure

Question 14

are grand mal and petit mal seizures generalized or partial seizures?

Answer 14

generalized

Question 15

type of disorder often seen in children characterized by periods of inattention

Answer 15

absence or petit mal seizures

Question 16

hemorrhagic stroke

Answer 16

caused by bleeding within the brain. blood damages brain from pressure

Question 17

obstructive stroke

Answer 17

ischemia- loss of blood
thrombus- blood clot
embolus- obstruction from debris

Question 18

brain swelling from trapped cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 18

hydrocephalus

Question 19

caused by an inherited lack of an enzyme that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine

Answer 19

phenylketonuria

Question 20

brain swelling, severe metabolic storage disorder in which vital enzymes are missing and brain cant get rid of waste with lysosomes

Answer 20

Tay-Sachs disease

Question 21

contagious brain disease whose degenerative process gives the brain a sponge-like appearance. caused by an accumulation of misfolded prion protein

Answer 21

transmissible spongiform encephalopathy

Question 22

a protein that can exist in two forms that differ only in their 3-D shape;

Answer 22

Prion (degenerative disorder)

accumulation of misfolded prion protein results in TSE

Question 23

killer enzyme that plays a role in apoptosis (programmed cell death)

Answer 23

Caspase (degenerative disorder)

Question 24

degeneration of dopamine neurons in substantia nigra

Answer 24

parkinson’s disease

suspected to be caused by toxins or susceptibility

Question 25

abnormal circular structures with a dense core consisting of alpha synuclein protein

Answer 25

lewy body

Question 26

found in the cytoplasm of nigrostriatal neurons in people with Parkinson’s

Answer 26

Lewy body

Question 27

Parkinson’s disease treatment

Answer 27

L-DOPA and existing dopaminergic neurons
transplantation of fetal tissue (stem cells)
- globus pallidus destruction: globus pallidus sends inhibitory info, destruction may release motor cortex from inhibition
- deep brain stimulation: influences subthalamus- affects globus pallidus

Question 28

Degeneration of caudate nucleus and putamen

Answer 28

Huntington’s Chorea

Question 29

Uncontrollable movements and spasms

Answer 29

Huntington’s

Question 30

Genetically determined - chromosome 4

Answer 30

Huntington’s

Question 31

• A cause of dementia

- gradual loss of memory and cognitive skills

Answer 31

Alzheimer’s

Question 32

Degenerating of hippocampus and neocortex

Answer 32

Alzheimer’s

Question 33

Degenerative disorder that attacks spinal cord and cranial nerve motor neurons

Answer 33

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Question 34

Hereditary versus sporadic percentage in ALS

Answer 34

10 % hereditary

90% sporadic

Question 35

what are 10-20% of the hereditary cases of ALS caused by?

Answer 35

A mutation in the gene that produces the enzyme superoxide dismutase 1, found in chromosome 21

Question 36

mutation in gene that produces the enzyme superoxide dismutase causes

Answer 36

toxic gain of function that leads to protein misfolding and aggregation, impaired axonal transport, and mitochondrial dysfunction

Question 37

autoimmune demyelinating disease

Answer 37

multiple sclerosis

Question 38

treatments of multiple sclerosis

Answer 38

interferon Beta

copaxone

Question 39

infection of the brain often permanent damage , sometimes fatal

Answer 39

encephalitis

Question 40

encephalitis, aids, meningitis, prion diseases and neurosyphilis are all examples of what?

Answer 40

infectious diseases

Question 41

what do aids and dementia patients have in common?

Answer 41

excessive calcium neurons

Question 42

treatment of seizures

Answer 42

tumor removal
anti-convulsant drugs
removal of focus
corpus collosum section to decrease severity

Question 43

• anticoagulant drugs
• glutamate blockers
• anti-inflammatory drugs
• free radical binders
• GABA agonists
• Brian cooling
• behavioral therapy
• stent
• brain interface prosthetics

Answer 43

Treatment of stroke