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Psych 403 > Final Exam Study Guide Exam 2 > Flashcards

Final Exam Study Guide Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

the quickest way for a drug to reach the brain is via

A

an intravenous injection

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2
Q

a drug that mimics the actions of a neurotransmitter ans acts at the neurotransmitter is

A

a direct antagonist

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3
Q

drugs that bind with and stimulate presynaptic autoreceptors can reduce

A

the production of the neurotransmitter

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4
Q

a neurotransmitter that plays an important role in stimulating wakefulness

A

histamine

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5
Q

an enzyme that destroys the monoamines: dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin

A

monoamine oxidase

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6
Q

the drug curare blocks __ causing ___

A

nicotine receptors; paralysis

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7
Q

a drug’s ___ is it’s margin of safety; the difference between an effective dose and a dose that produces toxic side effects

A

therapeutic index

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8
Q

___ labeling methods are used to trace axons from the soma to the terminal button

A

anterograde

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9
Q

a stereotaxic apparatus is used to

A

hold an animal or human head in place and precisely locate areas in the brain

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10
Q

____ are taken up by the terminal buttons and carried back to the cell bodies, making cell bodies easier to se

A

retrograde labels

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11
Q

in histology, what is the main purpose of staining tissue?

A

it allows for a clearer picture of neural architecture

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12
Q

lesions, aspiration and knife cuts are examples of which approach to study CNS

A

ablation

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13
Q

which imaging technique uses blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signals?

A

fMRI and fNIRS

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14
Q

which technique can be used to stimulate the living human brain?

A

TMS

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15
Q

which measure allows imaging and direct stimulation of individual photoreceptors in the retina?

A

adaptive optics

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16
Q

___ is a recording of gross electrical potential from the scalp

A

EEG

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17
Q

a microtome is an instrument used to

A

section the brain into slices

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18
Q

histological substance that labels a protein produced in the nucleus of a neuron in response to synaptic stimulation, in order to study metabolic activity

A

fos

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19
Q

locus coeruleus is a

A

part of the brain involved in arousal

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20
Q

___ is a disorder caused by pathologies in a system of neurons that secret ___

A

cataplexy; orexin or hypocretin

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21
Q

depicts the relation between drug dose and magnitude o drug effect

A

dose-response (DR) curve

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22
Q

drug effects diminish with repeated administration

A

tolerance

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23
Q

neurotransmitters and neuromodulators

Acetylcholinergic

A

nicotinic

muscarinic

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24
Q

neurotransmitters and neuromodulators

monoamines

A 
catecholamines
- dopamine
- norepinephrine
- epinephrine
Indolamines
- serotonin
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25
Q

neurotransmitters and neuromodulators

amino acids

A

glutamate
GABA
Glycine

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26
Q

binds to and activates receptors

A

agonist

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27
Q

binds to but does not activate receptors

A

antagonist

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28
Q

binds to alternative site, keeps channels open

A

indirect agonist

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29
Q

binds to alternative site, prevents ion channel from opening

A

indirect antagonist

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30
Q

schedule I drugs

A

no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse

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31
Q

schedule II drugs

A

a high potential for abuse, with use potentially leading to severe psychological or physical dependence

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32
Q

schedule III drugs

A

a moderate to low potential for physical and psychological dependence

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33
Q

schedule IV drug

A

low potential for abuse and low risk of dependence

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34
Q
  • primary neurotransmitter secreted by the efferent axons of the CNS
  • all muscular movement accomplished by the release of this neurotransmitter
  • appears to be involved in regulating REM sleep, perceptual learning and memory
A

acetylcholine

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35
Q

an acetylcholine antagonist; prevents release by terminal buttons

A

botulinum toxin

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36
Q

a drug that inhibits the activity of acetylcholinesterase

A

neostigmine

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37
Q

an ionotrotropic acetylcholine receptor that is stimulated by nicotine and blocked by curare

A

nicotinic receptor

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38
Q

a metabolic acetylcholine receptor that is stimulated by muscarine and blocked by atropine

A

muscrinic receptor

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39
Q

a drug that blocks muscarinic acetylcholine receptors

A

atropine

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40
Q

a drug that blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and causes paralysis

A

curare

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41
Q

The biologically active for of DOPA; the precursor of the catecholamines; often used to treat Parkinson’s disease because of its role as a dopamine agonist

A

L-Dopa

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42
Q

a system of neurons originating in the substantia nigra and terminating in the neostriatum; appears to play a role in the control of movement

A

nigrostriatal system

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43
Q

a system of dopaminergic neurons originating in the ventral tegmental area and terminating in the nucleu accumbens, amygdala and hippocampus; appears to play a role in the reinforcing effects of drugs that are commonly abused

A

mesolimbic system

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44
Q

a system of dopaminergic neurons originating in the ventral tegmental are and terminating in the prefrontal cortex; appears to influence formation of short-term memories, planning, and preparing strategies for problem solving

A

mesocortical system

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45
Q

a drug that blocks the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase and thus interferes with the synthesis of the catecholamines

A

AMPT

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46
Q

precursor to catecholamines

A

tyrosine

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47
Q

a drug that interferes with the storage of monoamines in synaptic vesicles; serves as a monoamine antagonist

A

reserpine

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48
Q

a drug that inhibits the reuptake of dopamine; also known as Ritalin; used to treat children with attention deficit disorder

A

methylphenidate

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49
Q

a class of enzymes that destroy the monoamines; dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin

A

monoamine oxidase

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50
Q

a drug that blocks the activity of monoamine oxidase; acts as a dopamine agonist

A

deprenyl

51
Q

a drug that reduces the symptoms of schizophrenia by blocking dopamine D2 receptors

A

chlorpromazine

52
Q

one of the catecholamines; a neurotransmitter found in the brain and in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

A

norepinephrine

53
Q

one of the catecholamines; a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; serves as a neurotransmitter in the brain

A

epinephrine

54
Q
  • found in neurons of the brain and in the autonomic nervous system
  • almost every region of the brain receives input from these neurons
  • implicated to play central role in vigilance or attractiveness in the environment
A

norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

55
Q

a drug that inhibits the activity of the enzyme dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and thus blocks the production of morepinephrine

A

fusaric acid

56
Q

a dark-colored group of noradreneric cell bodies located in the pons near the rostal end of the floor of the fourth ventricle

A

locus coeruleus

57
Q

an enlarged region along the length of an axon that contains synaptic vesicles and releases a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator

A

axonal varicosity

58
Q

thought to play a role in the regulation of mood, the control of eating, sleep, dreaming, and arousal

A

serotonin

59
Q

also thought to be involved in the regulation of pain

A

serotonin

60
Q

the amino acid tryptophan is the precursor

A

serotonin

61
Q

a drug that inhibits the activity of tryptophan hydroxylase and thus interferes with the synthesis pf 5-HT and serves as a serotongeric antagonist

A

PCPA

62
Q

a drug that inhibits the reuptake of 5-HT

used to treat depression, OCD and some anxiety disorders

A

Fluoxetine (Prozac)

63
Q

a drug that stimulates the release of 5-HT

A

Fenfluramine

64
Q

a drug that stimulates 5-HT2a receptors

A

LSD

65
Q

a drug that serves as a noradrenergic and serotonergic agonist , also known as ecstasy, has excitatory and hallucinogenic effects

A

MDMA

66
Q

A specialized ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a calcium channel that is normally blocked by Mg2+ ions; has several other binding sites

A

NMDA receptor

67
Q

an ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a sodium channel; stimulated by AMPA

A

AMPA receptor

68
Q

an ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a sodium channel; stimulated by kainic acid

A

kainate receptor

69
Q

a category of metabolic receptors sensitive to glutamate

A

metabotropic glutamate receptor

70
Q

A drug that blocks the glutamate binding site on NMDA receptors and impairs certain forms of learning

A

AP 5

71
Q

a drug that binds with th PCP binding site of the NMDA receptor and serves as an indirect antagonist of glutamate

A

PCP (phencylclidine)

72
Q
  • an amino acid

- the most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain and spinal cord

A

GABA

73
Q

a drug that inhibits the activity of GAD and thus blocks the synthesis of GABA

A

allyglycine

74
Q

a direct agonist for the GABA binding site on the GABA-A receptor

A

muscimol

75
Q

a direct antagonist for the GABA Binding site on the GABA-A receptor

A

bicuculline

76
Q

a category of anxiolytic drugs; an indirect agonist for the GABA-A receptor; these drugs are used for their tranquilizer effects

A

benzodiazepine

77
Q

an anxiety-reducing effect

A

anxiolytic

78
Q
  • amino acid

- appears to be the most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the lower brain stem and spinal cord

A

glycine

79
Q

a direct antagonist for the glycine receptor

- causes convulsions and death even in small doses

A

strychnine

80
Q

neurons of the CNS release large variety of these

- a neuron manufactures both the ___ and the enzymes that it needs to break them apart

A

peptides

81
Q
  • synthesis takes place in the soma
  • delivered to the terminal buttons by axoplasmic transport
  • most appear to serve as neuromodulators, while some act as neurotransmitters
A

peptides

82
Q

a class of peptides secreted by the brain that acts as opiates; drugs that effect opioid receptors reduce pain

A

endogenous opiod

83
Q

a drug that blocks opiod receptors; often used to treat heroin overdose

A

naloxone

84
Q

a lipid; an endogenous ligand for receptors that bind with THC

A

endocannabinoid

85
Q

the first cannabinoid to be discovered and probably the most important one

A

anandamide

86
Q

a drug that blocks cannabinoid CB, receptors

A

rimonabant

87
Q
  • combination of ribose and adeenine
  • released by glial cells and neurons
  • dilates blood vessels and increases supply of cellular nutrients
A

adenosine

88
Q

a gas produced by cells in the nervous system; used as means of communication between cells

A

nitric oxide

89
Q

the enzyme responsible for production of nitric oxide

A

nitric oxide synthase

90
Q

histological techniques

A
  • remove blood from brain
  • remove brain
  • slice brain
    use stains to highlight selective neural elements
91
Q

which type of stain would you use for the cell body

A

cresyl violet

92
Q

which type of stain would you use for myelin?

A

weil stain

93
Q

which stain would you use for membrane?

A

golgi stain

94
Q

a microscope that provides 3-D info about the shape of the surface of a small object

A

scanning electron microscope

95
Q

a histological method that labels the axons and terminal buttons of neurons whose cell bodies are located in a particular region

A

anterograde labeling method

96
Q

anterograde tracer derived from kidney beans

A

PHA-L

97
Q

A histological method that uses radioactive antibodies or antibodies bound with a dye molecule to indicate the presence of particular proteins of peptides

A

immunocytochemical method

98
Q

a histological method that labels cell bodies that give rise to the terminal buttons that form synapses with cells in a particular region

A

retrograde labeling method

99
Q

a dye that serves as a retrograde label that is taken up by the terminal buttons and carried back to the cell bodies

A

fluorogold

100
Q
  • a weakened form of a pig virus; used for transneuronal tracing which labels a series of neurons that are interconnected synaptically
  • this method permits anterograde and retrograde directions
A

pseudorabies virus

101
Q

the use of a device that employs a computer to analyze data obtained by a scanning beam of X-rays to produce a 2-D picture of a slice through the body.

A

Computerized tomography (CT)

102
Q

a technique whereby the interior of the body can be accurately imaged; involves the interaction between radio waves and a strong magnetic field

A

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

103
Q

imaging method that uses modified MRI scanner to reveal bundles of myelinated axons in living human brain

A

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

104
Q

a sugar that enters cells along with glucose but is not metabolized

A

2-deoxyglucose

105
Q

a procedure that locates radioactive substances in a slice of tissue; the radiation exposes a photographic emulsion or a piece of film that covers the tissue

A

autoradiography

106
Q

the use of a device that reveals the localization of a radioactive tracer in a living human brain

A

positron emission tomography (PET)

107
Q

a modification of the MRI procedure that permits the measurement of regional metabolism in the brain (BOLD signal- Blood Oxygen Level Dependent)

A

functional MRI (fMRI)

108
Q
  • figure 8 coils produce magnetic pulse
  • temporarily disrupts activity in target region
  • basically create “temporary lesion”
A

TMS

109
Q

a procedure for analyzing chemicals present in the interstitial fluid through a small piece pf tubing made of a semipermeable membrane that is implanted in the brain

A

microdialysis

110
Q

human exposure to insecticides that contain acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (acetylcholine agonists) could cause intense, bizarre dreams and walking hallucinations

A

organophosphate insecticides

111
Q

do we experience alpha, delta or theta activity in stages 1 and 2 of sleep cycle?

A

theta

112
Q

do we experience alpha, delta or theta activity during Stage 3 and 4 of the sleep cycle?

A

delta activity (synchronized)

113
Q

slow wave sleep

A

delta, non-rem sleep

114
Q

where can we find beta activity during the sleep cycle?

A

REM sleep

115
Q

restoration is reflected as a sleep function in

A

SWS

116
Q

vigilance, consolidation (learning and memory), flushing of useless info, and facilitation of brain development are reflected as sleep functions for

A

REM sleep

117
Q

secretion inhibits sleep

A

norepinephrine

118
Q

destruction causes narcolepsy

- peptide produced by neurons whose cell bodies are located in hypothalamus

A

orexin

119
Q

destruction of this area results in total insomnia, coma and even death
group of GABAergic neurons in the preoptic area whose activity suppresses alertness and behavioral arousal and promotes sleep

A

ventrolateral preoptic area

120
Q

insomnia

A

medication issues

sleep apnea

121
Q
  • sleep attack
  • cataplexy (fully conscious)
  • sleep paralysis
A

narcolepsy

122
Q
  • night terrors
  • sleep-talking
  • sleep-walking/ eating
  • REM sleep behavior disorder
A

parasomnias

123
Q
  • contains a biological clock that governs circadian rhythm
  • receives input from retina (light resets the clock)
  • lesions disrupt circadian rhythms
  • clock cells do not require direct neural connections to control circadian rhythms
A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Psych 403 (14 decks)

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