Final Exam Review: The Menstral Cycle

Question 1

How long is the human menstral cycle?

Answer 1

28 days

Question 2

The menstral cycle is under control of hormones from what brain structure

Answer 2

The pars distalis of the pituitary gland

Question 3

What are the three phases of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 3

Proliferation, secretory, and menstrual

Question 4

Proliferative Phase

Answer 4

1) Stratum basale to stratum functionale 2) Endometrium thickens 3) continues until 1 day past ovulation (day 6 - day 15 or 16 of cycle

Question 5

Menstrual phase

Answer 5

1) days 1-5 2) decrease in estrogen as corpus lutem degenerates (will produce hormones for approx. 10 days w/o fertilization 3) ischemia of stratum functionale 4) rupture of blood vessels 4) vaginal discharge of blood

Question 6

Eruption of ductules

Answer 6

1) Terminal duct lobules (TDLU) 2) each TDLU drained by an intralobular collecting duct 3) intralobular collecting ducts drain into a lactiferous duct 4) 5) lactiferous ducts drains to a dilated area called the lactiferous sinus 6) narrows and opens to the nipple surface

Question 7

breast development (General)

Answer 7

Similar in males and females however testosterone limits breast development; estrogen stimulates the production of interlobular adipose tissue, loose connective tissue, and ducts, which remain inactive until pregnancy

Question 8

Development of breast tissue and lactation

Answer 8

1) During pregnancy, the CL and placenta secrete estrogen and progesterone that cause the growth of the duct system 2) invasion of immune cells 3) production of colostrum ( pre-milk contains large amount of antibodies (IgA), higher proteins, vitamin A, Na+, Cl and more. functions to confer passive immunity to the newborn 3) After birth CL loss estrogen and progesterone loss allows prolactin, and oxytocin to have their effects 4) Prolactin is released from adenohypophysis to stimulate milk production 5) release of prolactin inhibiting factor is suppressed 5) Suckling response stimulares release of oxytocin from the neurohypophysis. contraction of myoepithelial cells and ejection of milk

Question 9

Placenta (structure and function)

Answer 9

cake like structure formed by the fusion of fetal membranes and endometrium; Functions, nutrition, respiration, removal of waste products, produces estrogen, progesterone, gonadotropins, and relaxin