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Functional Histology VBMS 408 > Brain Structures > Flashcards

Brain Structures Flashcards

1
Q

Embryonic subdivisions of the Brain

A

Forebrain (Proencephalon), Midbrain (mesencephalon), Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)

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2
Q

Telencephalon

A

dorsal part of prosencephalon; composed of cerebral hemispheres

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3
Q

Diencephalon

A

ventral part of prosencephalon; thalamus and hypothalamus

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4
Q

Cerebrum

A

convoluted cortex of gray matter covering a central mass of white matter (Medulla_

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5
Q

Five subdivisions of the Cerebrum

A

Frontal, occipital, parietal, temporal, olfactory lobes

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6
Q

Frontal lobe

A

part of cerebrum; motor functionsl higher functions (reasonings)

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7
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

pain, temperature, touch, taste

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8
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

hearing

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9
Q

Occipital lobe

A

vision

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10
Q

olfactory lobe

A

smell

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11
Q

Outer cerebral Cortex of cerebrum

A

Neurons, neuron cell processes, CNS glial cells

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12
Q

Inner medulla of Cerebrum

A

Axons, CNS glial cells, blood vessels

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13
Q

Stratification of cerebrum

A

MOOIIM (Molecular layer, outer granular layer, outer pyramidal cell layer, inner granular layer, inner pyramidal cell layer, multiform (fusiform) Cell layer.

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14
Q

Diencephalon components

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, optic chiasm

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15
Q

Thalamus

A

Primary relay station for sensory information (Excluding olfaction) going to cerebrum; assists cerebral cortex with higher functions (alertness, pattern recognition, emotions, data analysis and assimilation; directing motor activities.

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16
Q

Hypothalamus

A

intermediary between nervous and endocrine systems; control and integration of ANS; feeding, satiety and thirst centers; maintenance of wake and sleep cycles; regulations of body temperature

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17
Q

Optic chiasm

A

where fibers of axons of optic nerves cross over

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18
Q

Rhombencephalon divisions

A

Metencephalon and Myelencephalon

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19
Q

Cerebellum Gross Anatomy

A

Vermis, sulci, folia

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20
Q

Vermis

A

midline mass that separates two lateral cerebral hemispheres

21
Q

folia

A

narrow ridges that cover cerebellum

22
Q

Sulci

A

grooves on cerebellum

23
Q

Function of the cerebellum

A

receives information regarding head movements; muscle, tendon, joint, and ligaments stretch stretch from ipsilateral/ Modulates pools of motor neurons in the ipsilateral spinal cord to coordinate posture and movement.

24
Q

arbor vitae

A

white matter of cerebellum; looks like a tree

25
Q

What is the ventricle system?

A

a number of interconnecting cavities which are remants of the lumen of the embryonic neural tube

26
Q

CSF composition

A

blood, and secretions from cells lining interior of ventricle system; low calcium, potassium, glucose, and protein; but more magnesium, sodium and chloride

27
Q

How is CSF produced?

A

formed from choroid plexus

28
Q

where is the majority of CSF produced?

A

lateral ventricles

29
Q

How does reabsorption of CSF occur?

A

Absorption of CSF occurs at arachnoid villi and is controlled by CSF/blood pressure gradients.

30
Q

Arachnoid villi

A

evaginations of arachnoid layer into dural sinuses of brain/ acts as pressure-dependent, unidirectional valves.

31
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

water on brain; result of accumulating CSF within ventricles from obstruction of ducts (i.e foramen of monro); excessive CSF pressure damages CNS neurons

32
Q

Head trauma and CSF

A

Trauma causes bleeding into dural sinuses creates excess pressure which collapses arachnoid villi and shits down CSF absorption damaging CSF neurons. Increased sinus blood pressure can comprress central veins and efferent lymphatics of the optic nerve causing swelling of retinal veins, whcih can damage vision.

33
Q

What fibers are utilized in the autonomic nervous system?

A

GVE; General visceral efferent fibers

34
Q

What kind of neuronal system does the ANS employ?

A

a 2-neuron system; preganglionic neurons and axons & postganglionic neurons and axons

35
Q

2 - Neuron System overview

A

1) pre-ganglionic neurons 2) pre-ganglionic axons 3) postganglionic neurons 4) postganglionic axons

36
Q

Pre-ganglionic neurons

A

located in the CNS

37
Q

pre-ganglionic axons

A

nerve fibers extending from pre-ganglionic neuron. Synapse on postganglionic neuron

38
Q

post-ganglionic neuron

A

located in an autonomic ganglion of PNS

39
Q

Postganlionic axon

A

nerve fibers extending from post-ganglionic neuron; synapse with an effector organ

40
Q

Where do sympathetic nerve impulses originate? Step#1 SNS

A

1) Sympathetic impulses originate from preganglionc sympathetic neurons located in the intermediolateral cell column of the thoracolumbar spinal cord (T1-L3-4)

41
Q

Step #2 SNS

A

Preganglionic sympathetic axons synapse on post ganglionic sympathetic neurons in sympathetic ganglia (i.e Cranial nerve).

42
Q

Step # 3 SNS

A

Postganglionc sympathetic axons synapse on structures of effector organs (i.e dilator muscle of eye, smooth muscle in the walls of blood vessels)

43
Q

Where do parasympathetic nerve impulses originate? Step # 1

A

Impulses originate from preganglionic parasympathetic neurons in nuclei located in the brainstem or sacral spinal cord

44
Q

Step # 2 PNS

A

preganglionic parasympathetic axons exit midbrain and hindbrin with cranial nerves III, VII, IX, & X; synapse on post-ganglionic parasympathetic axons of parasympathetic ganglia

45
Q

Step #3 PNS

A

Post-ganglionic parasympathetic axons synapse on structures of effextor organs.

46
Q

Parasympathetic vs. Sympathetic

A

Parasympathetic - effects specific, discrete, local vs Sympathetic -effects more widespread

47
Q

Postganglionic axon of sympathetic vs. parasympathetic

A

Sympathetic axons are adrenergic (release norepinepphrine); parasympathetic axons cholinergic (release acetylcholine)

48
Q

Preganglionic axon of sympathetic vs. parasympathetic

A

both cholinergic (release ACH)

Functional Histology VBMS 408 (28 decks)

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