Exam 4: Review Questions Accessory Organs

Question 1

Liver Morphology

Answer 1

1) Largest Gland in the body (2-5% of body weight) 2) Glisson’s Capsule

Question 2

Glisson’s Capsule

Answer 2

Capsule around the Liver consists of collagenous and elastic fibers

Question 3

Functions of the liver

Answer 3

Synthesis of sugars, plasma proteins, clotting factors, lipids, urea, and ketone bodies, lipid, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism, storage of vitamins and iron, modification of hormones

Question 4

Hepatocytes

Answer 4

Lacks a basement membrane facilitates exchange of materials with blood ( Numerous mitochondria, golgi complexes, numerous peroxisomes, glycogen deposits, lipid droplets.)

Question 5

Blood Supply Liver

Answer 5

1) Portal vein vs 2) Hepatic artery; 1) portal vein, lobular vein, interlobular vein , inlet venules….. 2) Hepatic artery,, lobar artery, interlobular artery…. meet up at the sinusoids, central veins, sublobar veins, hepatic veins, caudal vena cava

Question 6

Sinusoids

Answer 6

Extensive, interconnecting network of discontinuous and fenestrated capillaries located between interlobular and central veins; promotes free exchange of substances between the blood and hepatocytes

Question 7

Kupffer Cells

Answer 7

phagocytotic cells that span the lumen of the sinusoids that create fenestrations that are crucial for exchange in sinusoids

Question 8

Perisinusoidal space

Answer 8

A channel of varying width located between the basal surfaces of hepatocytes endothelial cells and Kupffer cells of the sinusoids; contains cells, reticular fibers, and lymph; hepatic proteins and lipoproteins are transported through the space of Disse and into the blood within the sinusoids

Question 9

Lymphatic circulation

Answer 9

lymphatic circulation (lymph collects within the space of Disse and is transported from the central canal to a small space (space of Mall) near the interlobular veins. From here, lymph enters interlobular lymph vessels and is eventually carried to the thoracic duct.

Question 10

Portal vein vs the hepatic artery

Answer 10

1) Portal vein 80 % of blood supply to the hepatic lobule. low in o2 content and contains metabolites and toxins ( arise from the digestive system) 2) Hepatic artery 20% of blood flow to the hepatic lobule. Contains high volumes of O2 and nutrients

Question 11

Space of Disse

Answer 11

The perisinusoidal space is the space of DISSE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Space located between the lumen of sinusoids and hepatocytes.

Question 12

Bile components

Answer 12

Bile salts, acids, and pigments, and electrolytes (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg 2+, Cl-, HCO3-) (BAPEs)

Question 13

Functions of bile

Answer 13

Absorption of fats and bile salts, and excretion of cholesterol, bilirubin, iron, and copper through the feces.

Question 14

Biliary system

Answer 14

System of of channels (canaliculi) and ducts (intrahepatic and extrahepatic) that convey bile from the hepatocytes to the duodenum. Bile flow from hepatocytes near the central vein of the liver lobule.

Question 15

Bile canaliculi

Answer 15

smallest diameter segments of biliary system; formed between adjacent hepatocytes

Question 16

Biliary ductules

Answer 16

next segment of biliary system; formed by confluence of bile canaliculi near the interlobular connective tissue

Question 17

Basic Biliary structure convergence

Answer 17

1) Biliary caniculi ( between hepatocytes) 2) Biliary ductules (made up of biliary caniculi that have converged. Near interlobular connective tissue 3) Interlobular bile ducts (converged interlobular biliary ducts) 4) Intrahepatic bile ducts (converged interlobular bile ducts at hilus) 5) Extrahepatic bile ducts ( continuation of intrahepatic bile ducts at the hilus) Hepatic ducts (join with cystic duct from gallbladder to form common bile duct; *In humans, a common hepatic duct is formed prior to creation of the common bile duct; ) 6) Cystic duct (duct continuing from the neck of the gallbladder; receives bile from the hepatic ducts of the liver for transport to the gallbladder

Question 18

Gall bladder morphology

Answer 18

1) Tunica Mucosa (Simple Columnar epithelium, Mucosa exhibit deep folds, lamina propria rich in fenestrated capillaries; numerous lymphocytes and plasma cells; mucous secreting glands, neuroendocrine cells, no lamina muscularis. 2) Tunica adventitia attached to the liver/ Tunica serosa Free.

Question 19

Functions of the gallbladder

Answer 19

Store and concentrates bile, secretes bile to the duodenum

Question 20

Secretion of bile

Answer 20

1) CCK released from the duodenal cells in response to fatty acids, protein digestive products, and Ca2+ 2) Contraction of smooth muscle in the wall of gall bladder 3) relaxation of the sphincter of oddi of hepatopancreatic ampulla and release of bile into duodenum via the major and minor duodenal papilla

Question 21

Cholelithiasis

Answer 21

Gall stones

Question 22

Exocrine pancreas morphology

Answer 22

1) Covered by capsule composed of loose connective tissue 2) Trabeculae extend from the capsule, subdividing the organ into lubules 3) Compound tubuloacinar gland 4) Short simple columnar epithelial cells mostly 5)

Question 23

Centroacinar cells

Answer 23

Squamous cells lining origin of intercalated duct within the interior of an acinus

Question 24

Exocrine Pancreas Duct System

Answer 24

1) Intercalated Ducts (lined with low cuboidal epithelium, secretes large volume of fluid rich in electrolytes, especially Na+ and HCO3 -) 2) Intralobular ducts 3) Interlobular ducts 4) Pancreatic duct of Wirsung 5) Duct of Santorini 6) Major and minor duodenal papillae

Question 25

Function of the Pancreas

Answer 25

1) Neutralize acidic materials (chyme) in duodenum 2) Secretion of pro-forms of enzymes needed for digestion (trypsin, chymotrypsin)

Question 26

Secretin

Answer 26

Secreted by the neuroendocrine cells of the duodenum in response to chyme. stimulates intercalated ducts to produce large quantities of alkaline fluid (pH 8.0) rich in NaHCO3

Question 27

Trypsinogen

Answer 27

Converted to active form, trypsin by enterokinase produced by duodenal mucosa. Digestion of proteins in chyme.