Final Exam Review

Question 1

A population is:

Answer 1

one species in an area

Question 2

An abiotic factor is:

Answer 2

all the non-living factors in an area

Question 3

Biological Magnification involves:

Answer 3

the concentration of toxins higher in the food chain

Question 4

Explain the greenhouse gas effect in detail

Answer 4

Greenhouse gases allow UV rays through, but the infrared energy from the earth is trapped by the greenhouse gases, causing the earth to heat up more than usual

Question 5

How does Ciguatera poisoning occur? What is the process called and how does it occur step-by-step?

Answer 5

Biological magnification!
Algae is concentrated due to fertilizers in the water. Small fish consume algae and toxins which enter the tissues. Bigger fish eat the small fish, and the toxin becomes more concentrated. The toxin increases in concentration as it travels up the food chain.. Once humans consume it, acts as a neurotoxin that has a stronger effect with each dose. Symptoms could last months or longer, and even cause death.

Question 6

I am studying an area with 10,000 lbs of grass, how many hawks (3rd level consumer) could that area support?

Answer 6

10

Question 7

Limiting factors in an environment help to set the habits:

Answer 7

carrying capacity

Question 8

Most populations are:

Answer 8

clumped

Question 9

the rate of which autotrophs capture and store energy is:

Answer 9

Primary productivity

Question 10

Which cycle involves a nutrient that is often the limiting factor for aquatic environments, like lakes?

Answer 10

phosphorus

Question 11

Alternation of generation among plants and green algae means:

Answer 11

each organism spends part of its life in diploid condition, and another part in a haploid condition

Question 12

Derived characteristics are:

Answer 12

advanced characteristics that some in a clade possess

Question 13

Diatoms are characterized by all but which of the following? overlapping shells, silica composition, preforations or flagella?

Answer 13

fllagella

Question 14

Euglenoids used to be classified as a plant-like protist and kintoplastids an animal-like protist. Now they are put into the same grouping. What structure is repsonsible for this?

Answer 14

Flagella

Question 15

Explain alternation of generation in plants and any changes that might have taken place as plants have become more advanced

Answer 15

Plants alternate from the Gametophyte stage (Haploid) to the sporophye stage (diploid) and back throughout their life cycles. Early plants started out as mainly Gametophyte dominant, but as they’ve evolved, sporophyte became more dominant

Question 16

Explain the process scientists think Prokaryotes underwent to become Eukaryotes

Answer 16

Endosymbiotic theory: the proces in which a smaller prokaryote was engulfed by a larger prokaryote. They develoed a symbiotic relationship, where the smaller provided energy, and the larger, protection. Tese eventualy evolved to become mitochondria nd chloroplasts. Evidence are the double membranes and separate DNA

Question 17

Extreme thermophiles live in:

Answer 17

high temps

Question 18

Fungi exhibit:

Answer 18

hyphae, secretion of enzymes, mycelium

Question 19

What are two mutalistic symbiotic relationships involving protists?

Answer 19

dinoflaggelates and coral: dinoflaggelates photosynthesize and provide energy, while the coral provides secure habitat with lots of sunlight

Parabasalids and Termites: parabasalids break down cellulose within termites stomach, while the termite provides the wood

Question 20

Gymnosperms and angiosperms are more highly evolved than mosses and fern because

Answer 20

they have seeds

Question 21

If a doctor were to collect a culture from your throat, give at least three observations that could help classify the bacteria

Answer 21

growth pattern, shape and color after gram staining

Question 22

In bacteria, DNA are found

Answer 22

in the cytoplasm as a circular thread

Question 23

List and explain different evolutionary progressions plants underwent to evolve from algae to angiosperms

Answer 23

phytoplankton - bryophytes - pterophytes - gymnosperms - angiosperms

The first land plants, bryophytes, evolved from phytoplankton. The Bryophytes evolved to have a waxy cuticle to regulate water, and were also capable of alternation of generations.
Next, the pterophytes appeared - the first vascular plants that could transport water and sugar through xylem and phloem, respectively. Next, the gymnosperms, or naked seeds, allowed for the embryo to have a nutritious, advantageous beginning, and could travel very well. Angiosperms had flowers and seeds encapsulated in fruit. Reproduction aided by insects and animals

Question 24

Gene sequencing has been valuable with protists because knowing what genes it has

Answer 24

can tell us what protists it is closely related to

Question 25

A multicellular organism that can alternate between two diff generations

Answer 25

plantae

Question 26

a simple single-celled organism that often lives in extreme environments

Answer 26

archaebacteria

Question 27

A terrestrial organism that forms thin filaments that grow through the soil; lives on decaying matter that is broken down. Forms spores in an above ground structure

Answer 27

Fungi

Question 28

A terrestrial, true multicellular, photosynthetic organism; lives only on damp locations

Answer 28

plantae

Question 29

a unicellular eukaryotic marine organism that feeds on algae

Answer 29

protista

Question 30

Although viruses are not alive, they can reproduce independently

Answer 30

false

Question 31

polio organism consists of protein capsid surrounding a nucleic core. It must have a host. It is a:

Answer 31

Virus

Question 32

The passing of a DNA plasmid from one bacteria to another is known as:

Answer 32

conjugation

Question 33

What are the three bacterial shapes?

Answer 33

coccus, bacillus, spirillum

Question 34

What causes malaria?

Answer 34

Plasmodium

Question 35

What cell structure causes some to stain purple and others not?

Answer 35

cell wall; peptidogylcan

Question 36

Prokaryote with a rod shape

Answer 36

bacillus

Question 37

What's so intersting about dictyostelium?

Answer 37

unique cell signalling

Question 38

What's the main diff between prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?

Answer 38

Eukaryotes has a nucleus and prokaryotes do not

Question 39

What is the main photosynthetic region of brown algae?

Answer 39

blade

Question 40

What protists are the most primitive?

Answer 40

parabasalids and diplomonads

Question 41

What has outer shell made of silica?

Answer 41

diatoms, foraminiferans & radiolarians

Question 42

What is not a characteristic of most protists?

Answer 42

cilia

Question 43

what are the isolations of sympatric speciation

Answer 43

ecological, temporal, behavioral, gametic

Question 44

Give three examples of fungi

Answer 44

yeasts, molds and mushrooms

Question 45

What is true about prions?

Answer 45

"non-living", infectious, cause creutzfeld-jacob disease

Question 46

What is a non-vascular plant?

Answer 46

moss

Question 47

Characteristics of angiosperms, but not gymnosperms?

Answer 47

angiosperms have flowers and fruit

Question 48

Which of the following is a characteristic of prokaryotes, but NOT eukaryotes>

Answer 48

contains no internal membraneous organelles

Question 49

What is not a trend in plant evolution

Answer 49

increasing dominance of gametophyte generation

Question 50

Which protists are responsible for red tides and bioluminescence>

Answer 50

dinoflaggelates

Question 51

organism that's multicellular with chitin cell walls

Answer 51

fungi

Question 52

organism that's multicellular and photosynthetic. Cells work independently of each other

Answer 52

protista

Question 53

Explain the process of water moving from the roots to the leaves and what force causes this movement

Answer 53

Transpiration creates a negative pressure, or tension the plant. The cohesive properties of hydrogen bonds make it so that the water is dragged up, in a process called capillary action. The water is constantly entering and exiting the plant, creating a constant flow

Question 54

Give and explain 2 ways that plants use to increase water/nutrient uptake

Answer 54

Mycorrhizae - symbiotic relationship between roots and fungi. The relationship dramatically increases the surface area of the mycellium for nutrient uptake Root nodules - bacteria complexes that pull nitrogen out of the air, and put it into the plant.

Question 55

Give the three mamallian groups and an example of each

Answer 55

monotremes - young is carried in eggs (platypus) marsupials - young is carried in pouch (kangaroo) eutharians - young is carried in placenta (humans)

Question 56

Shares are a member of

Answer 56

chondricthyes

Question 57

What are the main functions of ground tissues in plants?

Answer 57

photosynthesis and storage

Question 58

what are the three adaptations which helped amniotes move onto land?

Answer 58

amniotic egg - for nutrients and water conservation water-conserving kidneys keratin scales

Question 59

What are the three characteristics that help birds fly?

Answer 59

airfoil wings keel for muscles lightweight bones

Question 60

what becomes the wood of a tree?

Answer 60

xylem

Question 61

What do we call the harpoon like structures in cnidarians?

Answer 61

nematocystes

Question 62

What group is known for using hydraulics to help move, circulate and ventilate?

Answer 62

echinodermata

Question 63

What is loam?

Answer 63

Soil w/ equal amounts of sand, silt and clay

Question 64

what's the purpose of stomata?

Answer 64

control gas flow

Question 65

What organism is the intermediate animal in the evolution of invertebrates to vertebrates?

Answer 65

amphioxus

Question 66

What was the first group to develop cephalization

Answer 66

platyhelminthes

Question 67

Which phylum is known for having a chitinous exoskeleton

Answer 67

arthopoda

Question 68

which body system is known for returning some tissue fluid to the bloodstream and aiding in fighting ifections?

Answer 68

lymphatic

Question 69

which group has leaves w/ parallel veins?

Answer 69

monocots

Question 70

Which group was the first amniotes?

Answer 70

reptiles

Question 71

which horizon is completely of organic material?

Answer 71

O

Question 72

Whatre the characteristics of animals?

Answer 72

heterotrophic, multicellular, contain nucleus

Question 73

Which muscle cell is known for being striated, branching and having only one nucleus?

Answer 73

cardiac

Question 74

Which type of junction helps heart cells coordinate?

Answer 74

gap

Question 75

why are plasmodesmata important?

Answer 75

allow ater to easily pass through roots, cell communicates and help transport materials

Question 76

Explain what homeostasis is and give an example of a negative feedback loop

Answer 76

homeostasis is when cells, tissues, organs and organ systems work together to maintain tolerable internal limits. Negative feed back loop - a signal that slowly decreases as it approaches a target. For example, a person's shivering will reduce as the body approaches appropriate temp

Question 77

What are two ways the soil can lose its nutrients?

Answer 77

leaching - "coffee ground" effect, nutrients are washed away by water through the soil erosion - loss of top soil due to wind and water

Question 78

What are the three diff ways between monocots and dicots

Answer 78

monocots - 1 cotyledon, parallel veins, fibrous root | dicots - 2 cotyledons, branching veins, tap root

Question 79

What are the four distinct characteristics of chordates?

Answer 79

notochord; hollow dorsal nerve cord; postanal tail; gils

Question 80

Which type of cell can lock cells together?

Answer 80

adhering junction

Question 81

Where is blood created that makes it part of the connective tissues?

Answer 81

bone marrow

Question 82

what type of muscle tissue is multi-nucleated, striated and voluntary?

Answer 82

skeletal

Question 83

What are the specialized connective tissues?

Answer 83

blood, bone and adipose

Question 84

Which body system is in control of hormones?

Answer 84

endocrine

Question 85

which type of tissue is responsible for secretion?

Answer 85

glandular

Question 86

Which cell keeps juices inside stomach?

Answer 86

tight junctions

Question 87

Which as a partial body cavity (pseudoceolomate)

Answer 87

nematodes

Question 88

What stage determines if an animal is protostome or deutoerstome?

Answer 88

gastrula

Question 89

What is the primary growth area of a plant called?

Answer 89

apical meristem

Question 90

what structure prevents water and nutrients form flowing directly into xylem of a plants root?

Answer 90

casparian strip

Question 91

What is the input zone of aneuron called?

Answer 91

dendrite

Question 92

What ions are responsible for setting up a resting membrane potential?

Answer 92

sodium and potassium

Question 93

What channels open first in an action potential?

Answer 93

sodium

Question 94

What helps some vertebrate neurons carry signals faster and more efficiently?

Answer 94

myelin sheaths

Question 95

What are the three ways in synaptic clef is cleaned?

Answer 95

pre-synaptic uptake, diffusion, and enzymes

Question 96

which cells help brain neurons w/ nutrients, protection and growth factor?

Answer 96

astrocytes

Question 97

When is the parasympathetic system most active?

Answer 97

times of relaxation

Question 98

Where are most of the reflexes and essential body functions controlled?

Answer 98

hindbrain

Question 99

what structure is responsible for emotions of an individual

Answer 99

limbic system

Question 100

steroids are a type of:

Answer 100

cholesterol

Question 101

hormones affect:

Answer 101

the transcription of genes

Question 102

Which gland is responsible for the biological clock?

Answer 102

pineal

Question 103

What does ADH do?

Answer 103

controls water balance

Question 104

what is not true about leukocytes?

Answer 104

contains hemoglobin

Question 105

A person w/ AB+ can:

Answer 105

receive blood from anyone

Question 106

The values at the exit of the atriums are known as

Answer 106

av valves (cuspids)

Question 107

Athersclerosis:

Answer 107

thickening of arteriole walls

Question 108

Diastolic refers to

Answer 108

when heart is fully relaxed

Question 109

Functions of lymph system

Answer 109

collect fats, clean debris and pathogens, drain fluid

Question 110

what tissue makes up heart wall?

Answer 110

myocardium

Question 111

pulmonary artery carries:

Answer 111

oxygen poor blood

Question 112

An antigen is:

Answer 112

anything that causes an immune response

Question 113

Which organisms are known for having adaptive immune responses?

Answer 113

vertebrates

Question 114

what is the response to antigen reception that can attack or flag antigens for destruction? Part of the innate immune response

Answer 114

complements

Question 115

What is it when leukocytes can't identify self-markers

Answer 115

autoimmune disease

Question 116

heart blood circulation?

Answer 116

Blood enters the heart through the vena cava veins - goes through the right atrium, past the tricuspid valve - into the right ventricular - pumped past the pulmonary semi-lunar valve - out the pulmonary artery and to the lungs - picks up oxygen, and comes back via the pulmonary veins - enters the left atrium - flows past the bicuspid valve - into the left ventricular - pumped past the aortic semi-lunar valve - out the aorta, to the rest of the body where it drops of oxygen

Question 117

What keeps bacteria from entering through the eyes?

Answer 117

lysozyme

Question 118

explain how synaptic integration works?

Answer 118

the total sum of singals received at the trigger zone. This includes IPSP (Inhibitory post-synaptic potential) and EPSP (excitatory post-synaptic potential). If the sum is strong enough to surpass the threshold, an action potential will be triggered. If not, the signal fails.

Question 119

Explain what MS is and how it affects the body

Answer 119

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease where an individual's immmune system attacks the myelin-producing shwann cells . W/out the myelinated axons, neurons cannot communicate efficiently, interfering with a person's motor control, and even leading to death

Question 120

Explain how diabetes Type II occurs

Answer 120

due to binging and poor eating habits, the body produces large amounts of insulin in response to large spikes in glucose. Over time, the somatic cells do not respond as much to the insulin. The beta cells reponsible for producing insulin eventually tire and die as a result.

Question 121

Efferent nerves:

Answer 121

take nerve signals from CNS to muscles

Question 122

What is it called when a neuron has reached and maintains a negative charge?

Answer 122

resting membrane potential

Question 123

What causes the neurotransmitter vesicles to be released?

Answer 123

calcium channels

Question 124

Which neurotransmitter is responsible for addiction

Answer 124

dopamine

Question 125

White matter is mainly composed of

Answer 125

axons of neurons