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BIO 102 > Final Exam Review > Flashcards

Final Exam Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A population is:

A

one species in an area

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2
Q

An abiotic factor is:

A

all the non-living factors in an area

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3
Q

Biological Magnification involves:

A

the concentration of toxins higher in the food chain

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4
Q

Explain the greenhouse gas effect in detail

A

Greenhouse gases allow UV rays through, but the infrared energy from the earth is trapped by the greenhouse gases, causing the earth to heat up more than usual

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5
Q

How does Ciguatera poisoning occur? What is the process called and how does it occur step-by-step?

A

Biological magnification!
Algae is concentrated due to fertilizers in the water. Small fish consume algae and toxins which enter the tissues. Bigger fish eat the small fish, and the toxin becomes more concentrated. The toxin increases in concentration as it travels up the food chain.. Once humans consume it, acts as a neurotoxin that has a stronger effect with each dose. Symptoms could last months or longer, and even cause death.

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6
Q

I am studying an area with 10,000 lbs of grass, how many hawks (3rd level consumer) could that area support?

A

10

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7
Q

Limiting factors in an environment help to set the habits:

A

carrying capacity

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8
Q

Most populations are:

A

clumped

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9
Q

the rate of which autotrophs capture and store energy is:

A

Primary productivity

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10
Q

Which cycle involves a nutrient that is often the limiting factor for aquatic environments, like lakes?

A

phosphorus

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11
Q

Alternation of generation among plants and green algae means:

A

each organism spends part of its life in diploid condition, and another part in a haploid condition

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12
Q

Derived characteristics are:

A

advanced characteristics that some in a clade possess

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13
Q

Diatoms are characterized by all but which of the following? overlapping shells, silica composition, preforations or flagella?

A

fllagella

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14
Q

Euglenoids used to be classified as a plant-like protist and kintoplastids an animal-like protist. Now they are put into the same grouping. What structure is repsonsible for this?

A

Flagella

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15
Q

Explain alternation of generation in plants and any changes that might have taken place as plants have become more advanced

A

Plants alternate from the Gametophyte stage (Haploid) to the sporophye stage (diploid) and back throughout their life cycles. Early plants started out as mainly Gametophyte dominant, but as they’ve evolved, sporophyte became more dominant

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16
Q

Explain the process scientists think Prokaryotes underwent to become Eukaryotes

A

Endosymbiotic theory: the proces in which a smaller prokaryote was engulfed by a larger prokaryote. They develoed a symbiotic relationship, where the smaller provided energy, and the larger, protection. Tese eventualy evolved to become mitochondria nd chloroplasts. Evidence are the double membranes and separate DNA

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17
Q

Extreme thermophiles live in:

A

high temps

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18
Q

Fungi exhibit:

A

hyphae, secretion of enzymes, mycelium

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19
Q

What are two mutalistic symbiotic relationships involving protists?

A

dinoflaggelates and coral: dinoflaggelates photosynthesize and provide energy, while the coral provides secure habitat with lots of sunlight

Parabasalids and Termites: parabasalids break down cellulose within termites stomach, while the termite provides the wood

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20
Q

Gymnosperms and angiosperms are more highly evolved than mosses and fern because

A

they have seeds

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21
Q

If a doctor were to collect a culture from your throat, give at least three observations that could help classify the bacteria

A

growth pattern, shape and color after gram staining

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22
Q

In bacteria, DNA are found

A

in the cytoplasm as a circular thread

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23
Q

List and explain different evolutionary progressions plants underwent to evolve from algae to angiosperms

A

phytoplankton - bryophytes - pterophytes - gymnosperms - angiosperms

The first land plants, bryophytes, evolved from phytoplankton. The Bryophytes evolved to have a waxy cuticle to regulate water, and were also capable of alternation of generations.
Next, the pterophytes appeared - the first vascular plants that could transport water and sugar through xylem and phloem, respectively. Next, the gymnosperms, or naked seeds, allowed for the embryo to have a nutritious, advantageous beginning, and could travel very well. Angiosperms had flowers and seeds encapsulated in fruit. Reproduction aided by insects and animals

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24
Q

Gene sequencing has been valuable with protists because knowing what genes it has

A

can tell us what protists it is closely related to

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25
Q

A multicellular organism that can alternate between two diff generations

A

plantae

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26
Q

a simple single-celled organism that often lives in extreme environments

A

archaebacteria

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27
Q

A terrestrial organism that forms thin filaments that grow through the soil; lives on decaying matter that is broken down. Forms spores in an above ground structure

A

Fungi

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28
Q

A terrestrial, true multicellular, photosynthetic organism; lives only on damp locations

A

plantae

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29
Q

a unicellular eukaryotic marine organism that feeds on algae

A

protista

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30
Q

Although viruses are not alive, they can reproduce independently

A

false

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31
Q

polio organism consists of protein capsid surrounding a nucleic core. It must have a host. It is a:

A

Virus

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32
Q

The passing of a DNA plasmid from one bacteria to another is known as:

A

conjugation

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33
Q

What are the three bacterial shapes?

A

coccus, bacillus, spirillum

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34
Q

What causes malaria?

A

Plasmodium

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35
Q

What cell structure causes some to stain purple and others not?

A

cell wall; peptidogylcan

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36
Q

Prokaryote with a rod shape

A

bacillus

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37
Q

What’s so intersting about dictyostelium?

A

unique cell signalling

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38
Q

What’s the main diff between prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes has a nucleus and prokaryotes do not

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39
Q

What is the main photosynthetic region of brown algae?

A

blade

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40
Q

What protists are the most primitive?

A

parabasalids and diplomonads

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41
Q

What has outer shell made of silica?

A

diatoms, foraminiferans & radiolarians

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42
Q

What is not a characteristic of most protists?

A

cilia

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43
Q

what are the isolations of sympatric speciation

A

ecological, temporal, behavioral, gametic

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44
Q

Give three examples of fungi

A

yeasts, molds and mushrooms

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45
Q

What is true about prions?

A

“non-living”, infectious, cause creutzfeld-jacob disease

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46
Q

What is a non-vascular plant?

A

moss

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47
Q

Characteristics of angiosperms, but not gymnosperms?

A

angiosperms have flowers and fruit

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48
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic of prokaryotes, but NOT eukaryotes>

A

contains no internal membraneous organelles

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49
Q

What is not a trend in plant evolution

A

increasing dominance of gametophyte generation

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50
Q

Which protists are responsible for red tides and bioluminescence>

A

dinoflaggelates

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51
Q

organism that’s multicellular with chitin cell walls

A

fungi

52
Q

organism that’s multicellular and photosynthetic. Cells work independently of each other

A

protista

53
Q

Explain the process of water moving from the roots to the leaves and what force causes this movement

A

Transpiration creates a negative pressure, or tension the plant. The cohesive properties of hydrogen bonds make it so that the water is dragged up, in a process called capillary action. The water is constantly entering and exiting the plant, creating a constant flow

54
Q

Give and explain 2 ways that plants use to increase water/nutrient uptake

A

Mycorrhizae - symbiotic relationship between roots and fungi. The relationship dramatically increases the surface area of the mycellium for nutrient uptake
Root nodules - bacteria complexes that pull nitrogen out of the air, and put it into the plant.

55
Q

Give the three mamallian groups and an example of each

A

monotremes - young is carried in eggs (platypus)
marsupials - young is carried in pouch (kangaroo)
eutharians - young is carried in placenta (humans)

56
Q

Shares are a member of

A

chondricthyes

57
Q

What are the main functions of ground tissues in plants?

A

photosynthesis and storage

58
Q

what are the three adaptations which helped amniotes move onto land?

A

amniotic egg - for nutrients and water conservation
water-conserving kidneys
keratin scales

59
Q

What are the three characteristics that help birds fly?

A

airfoil wings
keel for muscles
lightweight bones

60
Q

what becomes the wood of a tree?

A

xylem

61
Q

What do we call the harpoon like structures in cnidarians?

A

nematocystes

62
Q

What group is known for using hydraulics to help move, circulate and ventilate?

A

echinodermata

63
Q

What is loam?

A

Soil w/ equal amounts of sand, silt and clay

64
Q

what’s the purpose of stomata?

A

control gas flow

65
Q

What organism is the intermediate animal in the evolution of invertebrates to vertebrates?

A

amphioxus

66
Q

What was the first group to develop cephalization

A

platyhelminthes

67
Q

Which phylum is known for having a chitinous exoskeleton

A

arthopoda

68
Q

which body system is known for returning some tissue fluid to the bloodstream and aiding in fighting ifections?

A

lymphatic

69
Q

which group has leaves w/ parallel veins?

A

monocots

70
Q

Which group was the first amniotes?

A

reptiles

71
Q

which horizon is completely of organic material?

A

O

72
Q

Whatre the characteristics of animals?

A

heterotrophic, multicellular, contain nucleus

73
Q

Which muscle cell is known for being striated, branching and having only one nucleus?

A

cardiac

74
Q

Which type of junction helps heart cells coordinate?

A

gap

75
Q

why are plasmodesmata important?

A

allow ater to easily pass through roots, cell communicates and help transport materials

76
Q

Explain what homeostasis is and give an example of a negative feedback loop

A

homeostasis is when cells, tissues, organs and organ systems work together to maintain tolerable internal limits. Negative feed back loop - a signal that slowly decreases as it approaches a target. For example, a person’s shivering will reduce as the body approaches appropriate temp

77
Q

What are two ways the soil can lose its nutrients?

A

leaching - “coffee ground” effect, nutrients are washed away by water through the soil
erosion - loss of top soil due to wind and water

78
Q

What are the three diff ways between monocots and dicots

A

monocots - 1 cotyledon, parallel veins, fibrous root

dicots - 2 cotyledons, branching veins, tap root

79
Q

What are the four distinct characteristics of chordates?

A

notochord; hollow dorsal nerve cord; postanal tail; gils

80
Q

Which type of cell can lock cells together?

A

adhering junction

81
Q

Where is blood created that makes it part of the connective tissues?

A

bone marrow

82
Q

what type of muscle tissue is multi-nucleated, striated and voluntary?

A

skeletal

83
Q

What are the specialized connective tissues?

A

blood, bone and adipose

84
Q

Which body system is in control of hormones?

A

endocrine

85
Q

which type of tissue is responsible for secretion?

A

glandular

86
Q

Which cell keeps juices inside stomach?

A

tight junctions

87
Q

Which as a partial body cavity (pseudoceolomate)

A

nematodes

88
Q

What stage determines if an animal is protostome or deutoerstome?

A

gastrula

89
Q

What is the primary growth area of a plant called?

A

apical meristem

90
Q

what structure prevents water and nutrients form flowing directly into xylem of a plants root?

A

casparian strip

91
Q

What is the input zone of aneuron called?

A

dendrite

92
Q

What ions are responsible for setting up a resting membrane potential?

A

sodium and potassium

93
Q

What channels open first in an action potential?

A

sodium

94
Q

What helps some vertebrate neurons carry signals faster and more efficiently?

A

myelin sheaths

95
Q

What are the three ways in synaptic clef is cleaned?

A

pre-synaptic uptake, diffusion, and enzymes

96
Q

which cells help brain neurons w/ nutrients, protection and growth factor?

A

astrocytes

97
Q

When is the parasympathetic system most active?

A

times of relaxation

98
Q

Where are most of the reflexes and essential body functions controlled?

A

hindbrain

99
Q

what structure is responsible for emotions of an individual

A

limbic system

100
Q

steroids are a type of:

A

cholesterol

101
Q

hormones affect:

A

the transcription of genes

102
Q

Which gland is responsible for the biological clock?

A

pineal

103
Q

What does ADH do?

A

controls water balance

104
Q

what is not true about leukocytes?

A

contains hemoglobin

105
Q

A person w/ AB+ can:

A

receive blood from anyone

106
Q

The values at the exit of the atriums are known as

A

av valves (cuspids)

107
Q

Athersclerosis:

A

thickening of arteriole walls

108
Q

Diastolic refers to

A

when heart is fully relaxed

109
Q

Functions of lymph system

A

collect fats, clean debris and pathogens, drain fluid

110
Q

what tissue makes up heart wall?

A

myocardium

111
Q

pulmonary artery carries:

A

oxygen poor blood

112
Q

An antigen is:

A

anything that causes an immune response

113
Q

Which organisms are known for having adaptive immune responses?

A

vertebrates

114
Q

what is the response to antigen reception that can attack or flag antigens for destruction? Part of the innate immune response

A

complements

115
Q

What is it when leukocytes can’t identify self-markers

A

autoimmune disease

116
Q

heart blood circulation?

A

Blood enters the heart through the vena cava veins - goes through the right atrium, past the tricuspid valve - into the right ventricular - pumped past the pulmonary semi-lunar valve - out the pulmonary artery and to the lungs - picks up oxygen, and comes back via the pulmonary veins - enters the left atrium - flows past the bicuspid valve - into the left ventricular - pumped past the aortic semi-lunar valve - out the aorta, to the rest of the body where it drops of oxygen

117
Q

What keeps bacteria from entering through the eyes?

A

lysozyme

118
Q

explain how synaptic integration works?

A

the total sum of singals received at the trigger zone. This includes IPSP (Inhibitory post-synaptic potential) and EPSP (excitatory post-synaptic potential). If the sum is strong enough to surpass the threshold, an action potential will be triggered. If not, the signal fails.

119
Q

Explain what MS is and how it affects the body

A

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease where an individual’s immmune system attacks the myelin-producing shwann cells . W/out the myelinated axons, neurons cannot communicate efficiently, interfering with a person’s motor control, and even leading to death

120
Q

Explain how diabetes Type II occurs

A

due to binging and poor eating habits, the body produces large amounts of insulin in response to large spikes in glucose. Over time, the somatic cells do not respond as much to the insulin. The beta cells reponsible for producing insulin eventually tire and die as a result.

121
Q

Efferent nerves:

A

take nerve signals from CNS to muscles

122
Q

What is it called when a neuron has reached and maintains a negative charge?

A

resting membrane potential

123
Q

What causes the neurotransmitter vesicles to be released?

A

calcium channels

124
Q

Which neurotransmitter is responsible for addiction

A

dopamine

125
Q

White matter is mainly composed of

A

axons of neurons

BIO 102 (15 decks)

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