Animal tisssues and organ systems

Question 1

4 characteristics of the Epithelial tissue

Answer 1

arises from the ectoderm (outside layer)
cells are close together, with little extracellular material between them
one side is exposed to the outside, the other is anchored to other tissues with adhesion proteins
acts as a barrier

Question 2

Three shapes of epithelial tissue

Answer 2

squamous - flat cells (skin)
cuboidal - cube-shaped cells (lungs)
columnar - column-shaped cells (small intestines)

Question 3

What is the glandular epithelium?

Answer 3

contains gland cells that secret products that are used elsewhere and unrelated to the gland cells’ metabolism.

Question 4

Glands are…

Answer 4

sac-like secretory organs that are concentrated with gland cells

Question 5

What are the two types of glands?

Answer 5

exocrine glands - secretes oils mucus, saliva, tears, etc through ducts
endocrine glands - diffuses hormones into interstitial fluids. No ducts.

Question 6

Cell junctions do what?

Answer 6

connect adjoining cells

Question 7

Name the three types of cell junctions and explain their functions. Give an example of each.

Answer 7

1. adhering junctions - locks cells together and creates strong bonds. (cardiac muscles, prevents fraying)
2. Tight junctions - stops most substances from leaking across a tissue (stomach)
3. gap junctions - channels that permit small molecules to pass freely from one cell to another. (heart, allowing to beat at the same time)

Question 8

What do soft connection tissues do?

Answer 8

hold things together

Question 9

Soft connection tissue #1: Loose connective tissue

Answer 9

fibroblasts and fibers are dispersed widely thought the matrix. Very sparse.

Question 10

Soft connection tissue #2: Fibrous irregular connective tissue.

Answer 10

Dense. Matrix is packed with fibroblasts and fibers in multiple orientations. Very strong in many directions, such as skin.

Question 11

Soft connection tissue #3: Fibrous regular connective tissue

Answer 11

orderly rows of fibroblasts between parallel and tightly packed bundles of fibers. An extreme amount of strength in one direction. Holds bones together.

Question 12

What are the specialized connective tissues?

Answer 12

Have very specific functions and are at specific locations.

Question 13

Specialized connective tissue #1: cartilage

Answer 13

the tissue of fine collagen fibers packed in a rubbery material. No blood vessels. Substances move in and out through diffusion. Does NOT repair easily.

Question 14

Specialized connective tissue #2: bone

Answer 14

hardened with living cells imprisoned in their own mineralized secretions. Storage for calcium. blood supply allows to heal fast. Provides support and protection.

Question 15

Specialized connective tissue #3: adipose tissue

Answer 15

energy reservoir for the body (fats). Fat droplets form as excess carbs and lipids are converted into fats. Cells become swollen with fat. Little extracellular matrix but many blood vessels. Found around kidney and heart. PUsh organelles to border

Question 16

Specialized connective tissue #4: Blood

Answer 16

considered a connective tissue bc it’s cellular components arise from stem cells in bones.

Question 17

Red blood cells carry…. while white blood cells….

Answer 17

CO2 and Oxygen; defend and repair tissues

Question 18

Platelets do what?

Answer 18

help with clotting.

Question 19

Muscle tissues have…

Answer 19

cells arranged parallel to one another, and have coordinated contractions to move components

Question 20

Skeletal muscle tissue (voluntary muscle) characteristics

Answer 20

partner of bone and cartilage
helps move and maintain positions of body
arrays of long cylindrical muscle fibers. Multiple nuclei

Question 21

what are Myofibrils?

Answer 21

long strands inside of muscle fibers with multiple rows of contractile units.

Question 22

Cardiac muscle tissue characteristics (involuntary muscle)

Answer 22

only occurs in heart
looks striated, but its composed of single branching cells with adhering junctions
gap junctions present as well for contractions.
one nucleus

Question 23

cardiac cells have more ___. Have one nucleus, and do not store ___, which means without oxygen, they die quickly.

Answer 23

mitochondria; glycogen

Question 24

What are Intercalated disks

Answer 24

Adhering junctions that keep cardiac cells from pulling apart.

Question 25

Characteristics of smooth muscle tissue (swol bois that don’t tire)

Answer 25

single unbranching cells that are tapered at both ends
central nucleus
no intercalated disks
smooth and flowy
unorganized contractile units
slow occuring contractions that can be maintained for a very long time
(arteries, maintain blood pressure)

Question 26

Neurons

Answer 26

excitable cells that make up the communication lines in most nervous systems

Question 27

neroglia

Answer 27

support cells that help out both structurally and functionally

Question 28

3 types of neurons

Answer 28

1. interneurons
2. sensory neurons
3. motor neurons

Question 29

Integomentary system

Answer 29

protects from injury, dehydration and some pathogens
controls temperature
excretes certain wastes
receives external stimuli
(skin and perspiration)

Question 30

Nervous system

Answer 30

detects external and internal stimuli
controls and coordinates the responses to stimuli
integrates all organ system activities
(brain and spinal cord). Important for homeostasis

Question 31

Muscular system

Answer 31

Moves body and internal parts
generates heat by increasing metabolic activity
(shivering)

Question 32

Skeletal system

Answer 32

supports and protects body parts
provides muscle attachment sites
produces red blood cells while storing calcium and phosphorus

Question 33

Circulatory system

Answer 33

transports nutrients to and from cells
internalize pH and temperature
(oxygen, blood)

Question 34

Endocrine system

Answer 34

hormone control to keep body functioning
works with nervous system to integrate long and short term activities
(growth and development)

Question 35

Lymphatic system

Answer 35

collects and returns some tissue fluid to the bloodstream.
Defends the body against infection and tissue damage
immune cells live in lymph nodes that respond to invasions

Question 36

Respiratory system

Answer 36

rapidly delivers oxygen to the tissue fluid that bathes all living cells
removes CO2 waste
helps regulate pH

Question 37

Digestive system

Answer 37

ingests food and water
mechanically and chemically breaks down food
eliminates food residue

Question 38

Urinary system

Answer 38

maintains volume and composition of internal environment

excretes fluid and blood borne wastes

Question 39

Reproductive System

Answer 39

hormones affect other organ systems.