Exam 1

Question 1

Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote

Answer 1

Eukaryotes: membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. Prokaryotes do not, are evolutionary primitive, simpler in structure

Question 2

Virus characteristics and structure

Answer 2

Nonliving, infectious agent.Protein (capsid) is wrapped around either RNA or DNA core. Cannot reproduce by themselves

Question 3

Archaebacteria characteristics and structure

Answer 3

Cell walls contain pseudopeptidoglycan. Extremeophiles, and are more related to Eukarya than Eubacteria are.

Question 4

Eubacteria characteristics and structure

Answer 4

cell wall made of peptidoglycan. They can include structures like (sex) pili, flagella, and self-replicating DNA strands called plasmids. Reproduce through prokaryotic fission or conjugation

Question 5

Alternation of Generation

Answer 5

The process in which a plant alternates between sexual reproduction (haploid, the gametophyte generation), and asexual reproduction (diploid, the sporophyte generation).

Question 6

Fungi characteristics and structures

Answer 6

multicellular or unicellular. Heterotrophic. sexually/asexually. HAVE CELL WALLS MADE OF CHITIN. They obtain nutrients through excretion of enzymes that break down and absorb products.

Question 7

mycelium

Answer 7

a mesh of branched filaments called hyphae

Question 8

hyphae

Answer 8

are the individual white strands that work at a microlevel

Question 9

Plant characteristics and structures

Answer 9

vascular – transport nutrients through phloem and xylem, or avascular — uses osmosis and diffusion

Question 10

Evolution of plant structures over time

Answer 10

Phytoplankton (K. Protista) - Bryophytes - Tracheophytes -gymnosperms - angiosperms

Phytoplankton are the ancestors of the first land plants on earth, the Bryophytes (liverworts, hornworts and mosses). Living on land posed many issues, but the Bryophytes evolved to have waxy cuticles to lock in water, and alternation of generation aided in reproduction. Tracheophytes (vascular plants) worked against gravity issue by using water pressure to keep stem rigid. Gymnosperms and their naked seeds aided in nutritious, healthy beginning of the embryo, and thus thrived. Angiosperms then arrived (the most recent plants), and thrived because their seeds were enveloped in fruit, which other organisms helped spread.

Question 11

Bryophytes

Answer 11

Mosses, liverworts and hornworts. Avascular. Structure called rhizoids to anchor them. Alternation of generations

Question 12

Tracheophytes

Answer 12

Vascular plants. Pterophytes and Lycophytes. They have specialized tissues (xylem and phloem) to transport water, sugar and nutrients

Question 13

Gymnosperms

Answer 13

“Naked seeds”. One of the first plants to show up on the planet because embryo thrived. Ginkos, Conifers, cycads. Wind pollinated. No flowers

Question 14

Angiosperms

Answer 14

Flowers. Seeds enclosed in fruit. Are wind or animal pollinated. Complete flowers: sepals, petals and male/female parts, or incomplete.

Question 15

Prions

Answer 15

harmless proteins unless misfolded. They accumulated in the brain and can be deadly if spread

Question 16

Bacterial shapes

Answer 16

coccus, spirillum, bacillus

Question 17

Graham staining

Answer 17

detects for the presence of peptidoglycan. Can either be positive or negative

Question 18

Protist groups and examples

Answer 18

Excavates - parabasalids (Trichonympha termites) + diplomonads (Garia I) = anaerobic. little mitochondria. Euglenoids, Kinetoplastids (thick flagellum, eyeball)

Archaeplastida - red & green algae

Rhizaria- Foraminifera, Radiolarians. Silicon shells

Chromalveolates - alveolates. Paramecium and dinoflagellates. Oral groove and digests other cells. Symbiotic relationships

Stremnophiles - chloroplast has four membranes. diatoms (silica shells), coccolithophores (calcium carbonate plates), brown algae.

amoebozoans - slime molds. unicellular signalling

Opisthokonts - predecessor to sponges

Question 19

speciation

Answer 19

the process of new species arising. Sympatric, Allopatric and parapatric

Question 20

Cladograms

Answer 20

family trees that show scientists species common ancestry

Question 21

Sister groups

Answer 21

species that derived from a common ancestor

Question 22

Evolutionary characteristics

Answer 22

Derived characteristics - new and advancing characteristics that not all of a species share
Primitive characteristics - shared by all species

Question 23

Conjugation

Answer 23

First, an enzyme nicks the F plasmid, and it moves through the conjugation tube (sex pilus). Once through, it begins replicating, and the cells split.

Question 24

Peptidoglycan

Answer 24

Found in the cell walls of bacteria

Question 25

Mutualistic relationships

Answer 25

mutually beneficial relationships

Question 26

Virus reproduction

Answer 26

Through the lytic cycle, a virus injects its DNA information or is enveloped by a host cell entirely. The viral DNA directs the host cell to create and assemble more viral material. Once finished, lysis is induced, and viral particles are released. Lysogenic cycle, viral DNA interjects into the hosts' DNA, and remains dormant after regular cell reproduction occurs. Eventually, when conditions are right, the virus enters the lytic cycle, and lysis once again induced on a mass level.

Question 27

phagocytosis

Answer 27

when a cell envelopes another cell

Question 28

binomial nomenclature

Answer 28

created by carl Lineaus. a two-part naming system that classifies organisms by their genus and species

Question 29

Heterotroph and Autotroph

Answer 29

hetero - obtain nutrients from other organisms | autotrophs - synthesize own nutrients

Question 30

Xylem and phloem

Answer 30

xylem - the tissue that transports water from roots to plant | phloem - transports sugar throughout the plant

Question 31

archegonium vs. antheridium

Answer 31

archegonium - female part produces eggs | antheridium - male part that produces sperm

Question 32

monocots vs. dicots

Answer 32

monocots - parallel vains that run the length of the leaf, fibrous roots, one cotyledon dicots - branching veins, tap root, two cotyledons

Question 33

Coevolution of plants with pollinators and predators

Answer 33

plants - bright colored petals that attract birds | predators - koala bear eating toxic eucalyptus after millions of years, now can only eat eucalyptus

Question 34

Tropisms

Answer 34

plants reactions to external stimuli phototropism - light gravitropism - gravity thigmotropism - touch

Question 35

Mycorrhizae

Answer 35

fungi. maximizes the surface area of mycelium in plants to obtain more nutrients