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BIO 102 > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a nerve net?

A

asymmetrical mesh of neurons that controls simple movements of epidermis and endothermic. First real nervous system for animals.

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2
Q

Who was the first to have a nerve net?

A

Cnidarians

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3
Q

Describes what a nerve net does

A

sensory neurons signal motor neurons; motor neurons activate special cells that have long contractile extensions; when contracted, they change the diameter of the mouth, body or bend tentacles.

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4
Q

Describe the evolution of the nervous system

A

Nerve net’s first appeared in Cnidarians, until platyhelminthes formed a bilateral nervous system alongside cephalization. Bigger brains evolved for life on land — for assessing and responding to danger and novel stimuli.

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5
Q

Why is cephalization important?

A

Cephalization allowed for sensory organs to group together in one central area, allowing for the brain to form

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6
Q

What is the CNS?

A

Central Nervous system; consists of the brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

What is the PNS?

A

Peripheral Nervous system; consists of nerves extending throughout the rest of the body

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8
Q

What is difference between afferent and efferent?

A

afferent - delivers signals to the CNS; efferent - delivers signals from the CNS

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9
Q

What are the structures of a neuron?

A

Dendrites, axon, terminal buttons

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10
Q

What is the difference between afferent and efferent?

A

Afferent: signals traveling to the CNS, Efferent: Signals traveling from the CNS

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11
Q

What is an Action Potential/

A

the reversal of the negative gradient inside the neuron

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12
Q

Describe how a signal is sent through a neuron

A

Dendrites recieve a signal. If the signal is strong enough, it will break through the threshold, and start an action potential. Sodium channels open and flow in, and potassium flows out. The signal is converted into a chemcial signal that diffuses acorss the synapse after calcium channels are opened. The sodium potassium pump restores the gradient after an AP, returning the Resting membrane potential

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13
Q

Neurotransmitter:

A

chemical signals stored in vesicles

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14
Q

Propogation:

A

the positive feed back loop of potassium and sodium channels opening, sending the signal continuously down the axon into the terminal buttons

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15
Q

EPSP:

A

Excitatory post synpatic potential. Tries to continue the signal

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16
Q

IPSP

A

Inhibitory post synpatic potential. Tries to inhibit the signal

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17
Q

Synpatic integration

A

total sum of IPSP and EPSP at the threshold. If strong enough, it will trigger an AP

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18
Q

3 ways the synaptic cleft is cleared

A
  1. diffuse 2. pre-synaptic reuptake 3. destroyed by enzymes
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19
Q

Acetylcholine:

A

excitatory affects for skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle, but inhibits brain cells that have roles in memory

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20
Q

Shwann cells:

A

make myelin for peripheral nerves

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21
Q

Microglia:

A

engulf dead/dying tissue

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22
Q

astrocytes

A

controls concentrations of ions and neurotransmitters, immune defense, produce lactate for neurons and nerve growth factor

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23
Q

nerve growth factor

A

can cause a cell to divide and makes synpatic connections

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24
Q

MS

A

autoimmune disease where immune system attacks shwann cells that makes myelin. Absence of myelin sheaths leads to loss of coordination and even death

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25
Q

simple reflexes

A

sensory neurons directly signal motor neurons

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26
Q

complex reflexes

A

several interneurons between sensory and motor neurons to excite or inhibit function

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27
Q

Autonomic:

A

apart of PNS. relays info from internal organs

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28
Q

sympathetic nervous sytem

A

most active during times of stress, excitement or danger

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29
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

most active during times of relaxation

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30
Q

Gray matter:

A

dendrites, cell bodies and neuroglia — an area of connections

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31
Q

white matter:

A

mylenated axons — a conduit zone

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32
Q

Hindbrain:

A

medulla, cerebellum and pons. Responsible for basic human functions??

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33
Q

forebrain:

A

cerebrum, thalamus and hypothalamus. thinking part.

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34
Q

Blood brain barrier:

A

protects brain from harmful substances, and controls what enters cerebrospinal fluid

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35
Q

Cerebral cotex:

A

grey matter at surface of each lobe. Distinct jobs, but interact

36
Q

Limbic system

A

governs emotions, memories and gratifying behavior

37
Q

Addiction

A

chemical dependence in which drugs has assumed essential role in bodyu

38
Q

Hormones

A

transcribe genes to do specific functions

39
Q

Pheromones

A

diffuse through water or air for individuals of same species

40
Q

Endocrine glands:

A

Pituitary, Adrenal, Pancreatic, thyroid, parathydroid, pineal, thymus ad gonads

41
Q

cell to cell communcaiton:

A
  1. (recieve signal) activates receptor. 2. Transduction. 3. response
42
Q

steroid:

A

derived from cholestorol. Can diffuse across cell membrane

43
Q

amine hormone:

A

hydrophobic, can diffuse across cell membrane

44
Q

peptide hormone:

A

cannot diffuse, triggers a cascade of reactions for desired effect

45
Q

Hypothalamus:

A

forebrain region that can release hromones

46
Q

Pituitary gland:

A

pea-sized gland attatched to hypothalamus. Secretes ADH for water balance.

47
Q

ACTH

A

stimulates release of cortisol

48
Q

TSH:

A

stimulates release of thyroid hormone

49
Q

FSH and LH

A

affects gamete formation

50
Q

STH

A

promotes growth and metabolism

51
Q

PRL

A

initiates milk

52
Q

Thyroid gland:

A

produces amines that have roles in development and metabolism

53
Q

Parathyroid:

A

Releases PTH when calcium levels drop

54
Q

Pancreatic hormones:

A

contains 3 diff types of cells. Alpha beta and delta

55
Q

Alpha:

A

produce glacagon, raising glucose levels

56
Q

Beta

A

secretes insulin, decreasing glucose levels

57
Q

Diabetes type 1:

A

Beta cell death

58
Q

Diabetes type 2:

A

target cells don’t respond to insulin. Beta cells wear out.

59
Q

Adrenal glands:

A

secretes epinepherein and cortisol.

60
Q

Stress

A

causes release of cortisol, leading to weight gain, memroy loss, loss of hair, weakened immune system

61
Q

Gonads

A

produce gametes and release sex hormones

62
Q

Pineal gland

A

secretes melatonin for biological clock.

63
Q

Open circulatory system:

A

found in arthropods Blood mingles with tissues and flows back to main musclular vessel

64
Q

closed circulatory system:

A

blood is confined i nheart and blood vessels

65
Q

Agglutination?

A

antibodies of RBs bind to foreign cells and clumps.

66
Q

Hemolytic anemia

A

RBCs die

67
Q

sickel cell

A

misshaped

68
Q

polycythemias

A

too many rbcs

69
Q

pulmonary arteries:

A

deoxygenated blood

70
Q

pulmonary veins

A

oxygenated blood

71
Q

3 main functions of the lymph system

A

drains plasma and water from capillary beds; takes fats and delivers to heart; rids debris and pathogens

72
Q

B and T lymphocytes:

A

pump out antibodies at random to guess for possible antigens. Adaptive immunity

73
Q

NK

A

natural killer cells. directly kills body cells that are infected or mutated

74
Q

Lines of defense

A

skin, internal linings, airways, digestive system
skin - healty microbes
internal linings - mucus and lysozyme that cleaves petidoglycan in bacteria
airways - ciliated cells that are brooms
digestive system - low ph, bile salts, 500 species, diahrea

75
Q

Accute inflammation process

A
  1. histamines are relased in response to antigen
  2. arterioles dialate, increasing blood flow
  3. area warms and reddens.
  4. leaky capillaries cause phagocytes to slip in, and sewll the area
  5. swelling stimulates pain receptors, supressing voluntary movements
76
Q

SA Node

A

initiates the pump-action in the heart. cells fire repeatedly through atria, but is insulated from the ventricles

77
Q

AV node

A

senses signal from SA node, is sent ot the bottom of the heart and starts the contraction from the bottom up

78
Q

Arteries

A

leads blood away from ventricles

79
Q

arterioles

A

smaller vessesl that control blood flow

80
Q

Athersclerosis

A

arterial walls thicken and lose elasticity

81
Q

hypertension

A

chronic high blood pressure

82
Q

bradycardia

A

low heart rate

83
Q

tachychardia

A

high heart rate

84
Q

Fever

A

Cytokines stimulate brain to release prostaglandins, which act in hypotahlamus to raise the set point. Increases enzyme activity, tissue repaire, microbes grow slowly

85
Q

Benefits of adaptive immunity

A

self/non-self recognition
specificity
diversity
memory

BIO 102 (15 decks)

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