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BIO 102 > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a nerve net?

A

asymmetrical mesh of neurons that controls simple movements of epidermis and endothermic. First real nervous system for animals.

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2
Q

Who was the first to have a nerve net?

A

Cnidarians

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3
Q

Describes what a nerve net does

A

sensory neurons signal motor neurons; motor neurons activate special cells that have long contractile extensions; when contracted, they change the diameter of the mouth, body or bend tentacles.

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4
Q

Describe the evolution of the nervous system

A

Nerve net’s first appeared in Cnidarians, until platyhelminthes formed a bilateral nervous system alongside cephalization. Bigger brains evolved for life on land — for assessing and responding to danger and novel stimuli.

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5
Q

Why is cephalization important?

A

Cephalization allowed for sensory organs to group together in one central area, allowing for the brain to form

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6
Q

What is the CNS?

A

Central Nervous system; consists of the brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

What is the PNS?

A

Peripheral Nervous system; consists of nerves extending throughout the rest of the body

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8
Q

What is difference between afferent and efferent?

A

afferent - delivers signals to the CNS; efferent - delivers signals from the CNS

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9
Q

What are the structures of a neuron?

A

Dendrites, axon, terminal buttons

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10
Q

What is the difference between afferent and efferent?

A

Afferent: signals traveling to the CNS, Efferent: Signals traveling from the CNS

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11
Q

What is an Action Potential/

A

the reversal of the negative gradient inside the neuron

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12
Q

Describe how a signal is sent through a neuron

A

Dendrites recieve a signal. If the signal is strong enough, it will break through the threshold, and start an action potential. Sodium channels open and flow in, and potassium flows out. The signal is converted into a chemcial signal that diffuses acorss the synapse after calcium channels are opened. The sodium potassium pump restores the gradient after an AP, returning the Resting membrane potential

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13
Q

Neurotransmitter:

A

chemical signals stored in vesicles

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14
Q

Propogation:

A

the positive feed back loop of potassium and sodium channels opening, sending the signal continuously down the axon into the terminal buttons

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15
Q

EPSP:

A

Excitatory post synpatic potential. Tries to continue the signal

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16
Q

IPSP

A

Inhibitory post synpatic potential. Tries to inhibit the signal

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17
Q

Synpatic integration

A

total sum of IPSP and EPSP at the threshold. If strong enough, it will trigger an AP

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18
Q

3 ways the synaptic cleft is cleared

A
  1. diffuse 2. pre-synaptic reuptake 3. destroyed by enzymes
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19
Q

Acetylcholine:

A

excitatory affects for skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle, but inhibits brain cells that have roles in memory

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20
Q

Shwann cells:

A

make myelin for peripheral nerves

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21
Q

Microglia:

A

engulf dead/dying tissue

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22
Q

astrocytes

A

controls concentrations of ions and neurotransmitters, immune defense, produce lactate for neurons and nerve growth factor

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23
Q

nerve growth factor

A

can cause a cell to divide and makes synpatic connections

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24
Q

MS

A

autoimmune disease where immune system attacks shwann cells that makes myelin. Absence of myelin sheaths leads to loss of coordination and even death

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25
simple reflexes
sensory neurons directly signal motor neurons
26
complex reflexes
several interneurons between sensory and motor neurons to excite or inhibit function
27
Autonomic:
apart of PNS. relays info from internal organs
28
sympathetic nervous sytem
most active during times of stress, excitement or danger
29
parasympathetic nervous system
most active during times of relaxation
30
Gray matter:
dendrites, cell bodies and neuroglia --- an area of connections
31
white matter:
mylenated axons --- a conduit zone
32
Hindbrain:
medulla, cerebellum and pons. Responsible for basic human functions??
33
forebrain:
cerebrum, thalamus and hypothalamus. thinking part.
34
Blood brain barrier:
protects brain from harmful substances, and controls what enters cerebrospinal fluid
35
Cerebral cotex:
grey matter at surface of each lobe. Distinct jobs, but interact
36
Limbic system
governs emotions, memories and gratifying behavior
37
Addiction
chemical dependence in which drugs has assumed essential role in bodyu
38
Hormones
transcribe genes to do specific functions
39
Pheromones
diffuse through water or air for individuals of same species
40
Endocrine glands:
Pituitary, Adrenal, Pancreatic, thyroid, parathydroid, pineal, thymus ad gonads
41
cell to cell communcaiton:
1. (recieve signal) activates receptor. 2. Transduction. 3. response
42
steroid:
derived from cholestorol. Can diffuse across cell membrane
43
amine hormone:
hydrophobic, can diffuse across cell membrane
44
peptide hormone:
cannot diffuse, triggers a cascade of reactions for desired effect
45
Hypothalamus:
forebrain region that can release hromones
46
Pituitary gland:
pea-sized gland attatched to hypothalamus. Secretes ADH for water balance.
47
ACTH
stimulates release of cortisol
48
TSH:
stimulates release of thyroid hormone
49
FSH and LH
affects gamete formation
50
STH
promotes growth and metabolism
51
PRL
initiates milk
52
Thyroid gland:
produces amines that have roles in development and metabolism
53
Parathyroid:
Releases PTH when calcium levels drop
54
Pancreatic hormones:
contains 3 diff types of cells. Alpha beta and delta
55
Alpha:
produce glacagon, raising glucose levels
56
Beta
secretes insulin, decreasing glucose levels
57
Diabetes type 1:
Beta cell death
58
Diabetes type 2:
target cells don't respond to insulin. Beta cells wear out.
59
Adrenal glands:
secretes epinepherein and cortisol.
60
Stress
causes release of cortisol, leading to weight gain, memroy loss, loss of hair, weakened immune system
61
Gonads
produce gametes and release sex hormones
62
Pineal gland
secretes melatonin for biological clock.
63
Open circulatory system:
found in arthropods Blood mingles with tissues and flows back to main musclular vessel
64
closed circulatory system:
blood is confined i nheart and blood vessels
65
Agglutination?
antibodies of RBs bind to foreign cells and clumps.
66
Hemolytic anemia
RBCs die
67
sickel cell
misshaped
68
polycythemias
too many rbcs
69
pulmonary arteries:
deoxygenated blood
70
pulmonary veins
oxygenated blood
71
3 main functions of the lymph system
drains plasma and water from capillary beds; takes fats and delivers to heart; rids debris and pathogens
72
B and T lymphocytes:
pump out antibodies at random to guess for possible antigens. Adaptive immunity
73
NK
natural killer cells. directly kills body cells that are infected or mutated
74
Lines of defense
skin, internal linings, airways, digestive system skin - healty microbes internal linings - mucus and lysozyme that cleaves petidoglycan in bacteria airways - ciliated cells that are brooms digestive system - low ph, bile salts, 500 species, diahrea
75
Accute inflammation process
1. histamines are relased in response to antigen 2. arterioles dialate, increasing blood flow 3. area warms and reddens. 4. leaky capillaries cause phagocytes to slip in, and sewll the area 5. swelling stimulates pain receptors, supressing voluntary movements
76
SA Node
initiates the pump-action in the heart. cells fire repeatedly through atria, but is insulated from the ventricles
77
AV node
senses signal from SA node, is sent ot the bottom of the heart and starts the contraction from the bottom up
78
Arteries
leads blood away from ventricles
79
arterioles
smaller vessesl that control blood flow
80
Athersclerosis
arterial walls thicken and lose elasticity
81
hypertension
chronic high blood pressure
82
bradycardia
low heart rate
83
tachychardia
high heart rate
84
Fever
Cytokines stimulate brain to release prostaglandins, which act in hypotahlamus to raise the set point. Increases enzyme activity, tissue repaire, microbes grow slowly
85
Benefits of adaptive immunity
self/non-self recognition specificity diversity memory

BIO 102 (15 decks)

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