exam 2 prep

Question 1

Name the embryonic layers and what they form into

Answer 1

Ectoderm - outside layer. (skin, nervous system)

Mesoderm - middle layer (muscles, circulatory and skeletal system)

Endoderm - inside layer (lining of gut and respiratory tract)

Question 2

Name the three cell junctions and give examples for each

Answer 2

adhering - lock cells to prevent fraying (cardiac muscles, intercalated disks)

tight - prevents leakage (stomach)

gap - channels that allow cell-to-cell communication (cardiac tissue for synchronized beating)

Question 3

Name the 3 soft connective tissues

Answer 3

Loose connective - Fibers and fibroblasts are dispersed widely in the matrix. Holds epithelial tissue in place

Fibrous irregular -dense with fibroblasts and fibers. Is able to stretch in multiple orientations (stretchy man)

Fibrous regular - oderly rows of fibroblasts between bundles of fiber. Can have extreme amount of strength in one direction (tendons)

Question 4

Name the 4 Specialized connective tissues

Answer 4

Cartilage - fine collagen fibers in a rubbery material. No blood vessels, diffusion. Cannot heal easily

Bone - cells imprisoned by own mineralized excretions. Stores calcium and phosphorus. Blood allows it to heal fast.

Adipose - energy reservoir. Fats are converted into carbs. Fats are stored here, pushing organelles to borders of cell membrane

Blood - considered a specialized tissue because it comes from stem cells of bones. Carries oxygen and CO2

Question 5

Name the 4 muscle tissues

Answer 5

skeletal - voluntary muscle. Long muscle fibers. help mve the body

cardiac - involuntary muscle. Occurs only in the heart. Has adhering and gap junctions.

smooth - Present in arteries. Single, branching cells that are tapered on both ends. Central nucleus. No intercalated disks. Maintained for a very long time.

myofibril - long strands of muscle fibers with rows of contractile units

Question 6

Intercalated disks

Answer 6

present in cardiac tissue that prevents muscles from fraying (adhering junctions)

Question 7

Cardiac cells have more _____ than other muscle cells, but do not store ____. They have ____ nucleus

Answer 7

mitochondria; glycogen; one

Question 8

Integumentary system

Answer 8

protects from injury, dehydration, and some pathogens. Controls temps and excretes certain wastes

Question 9

Circulatory system

Answer 9

helps transports materials to and from cells. helps internalize pH and temp

Question 10

Endocrine system

Answer 10

controls hormones for growth and development

Question 11

Lymphatic system

Answer 11

collects and returns tissue fluid the bloodstream. Defends against infection and damage. Lymph nodes are full of immune cells that respond to infection.

Question 12

Respiratory system

Answer 12

delivers oxygen and removes CO2

Question 13

Sand - silt - clay consistencies

Answer 13

sand - grainy
silt - small particles
clay - smallest particles

Question 14

Plasmodesmata? ALL ABOARD!!

Answer 14

channels that act as bridges between cells. Helps transport materials

Question 15

Casparian strip

Answer 15

waxy layer around vascular cylinder (in the roots) that helps regulate water uptake

Question 16

Name the three types of plant tissues

Answer 16

Ground - photosynthesis and storage
Vascular - moves water and solutes
Determal - covers and protects

Question 17

Name the three types of woody structures

Answer 17

periderm - parenchyma
Vascular cambium - xylem and phloem
Cork cambium - makes the cork, which insulates the plant

Question 18

the 4 chordate characteristics

Answer 18

notochord
gills
postanal tail
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord

Question 19

Amphioxus vs the lamprey?

Answer 19

Amphioxus looks exactly like the lamprey when small. As it grows bigger, it looses all of its chordate characteristics, and looks like one of the most primitive organisms.

Question 20

Hemotoxins vs neurotoxins

Answer 20

hemotoxins - digestive enzymes that destroy red blood cells. Vipers

Neurotoxins - paralyze cells and respiratory system. Coral snakes

Question 21

Transition to vertebrates to land?

Answer 21

amphibians developed lungs, were one of the first tetrapods, an advanced urinary system and had thin skin

Question 22

Adaptations for flight

Answer 22

airfoil wing
keel
lightweight bones

Question 23

Basic animal characteristics

Answer 23

eukaryotic
multicellular
heterotrophic
have movement at some point

Question 24

Blastula vs gastrula

Answer 24

Blastula - cells form giant ‘balloon’

Gastrula - when that balloon folds in on itself, creating the three layers

Question 25

Describe how platyhelminthes were the first to develop heads

Answer 25

Cephalization was a consequence of bilateral symmetry, and the need for sensory organs to be in one place to move and function efficiently.

Question 26

Amniotes provided what?

Answer 26

Amniotic egg for nutrients and protection
Tough skin to conserve water
water-conserving kidneys