exam 2 prep Flashcards
Name the embryonic layers and what they form into
Ectoderm - outside layer. (skin, nervous system)
Mesoderm - middle layer (muscles, circulatory and skeletal system)
Endoderm - inside layer (lining of gut and respiratory tract)
Name the three cell junctions and give examples for each
adhering - lock cells to prevent fraying (cardiac muscles, intercalated disks)
tight - prevents leakage (stomach)
gap - channels that allow cell-to-cell communication (cardiac tissue for synchronized beating)
Name the 3 soft connective tissues
Loose connective - Fibers and fibroblasts are dispersed widely in the matrix. Holds epithelial tissue in place
Fibrous irregular -dense with fibroblasts and fibers. Is able to stretch in multiple orientations (stretchy man)
Fibrous regular - oderly rows of fibroblasts between bundles of fiber. Can have extreme amount of strength in one direction (tendons)
Name the 4 Specialized connective tissues
Cartilage - fine collagen fibers in a rubbery material. No blood vessels, diffusion. Cannot heal easily
Bone - cells imprisoned by own mineralized excretions. Stores calcium and phosphorus. Blood allows it to heal fast.
Adipose - energy reservoir. Fats are converted into carbs. Fats are stored here, pushing organelles to borders of cell membrane
Blood - considered a specialized tissue because it comes from stem cells of bones. Carries oxygen and CO2
Name the 4 muscle tissues
skeletal - voluntary muscle. Long muscle fibers. help mve the body
cardiac - involuntary muscle. Occurs only in the heart. Has adhering and gap junctions.
smooth - Present in arteries. Single, branching cells that are tapered on both ends. Central nucleus. No intercalated disks. Maintained for a very long time.
myofibril - long strands of muscle fibers with rows of contractile units
Intercalated disks
present in cardiac tissue that prevents muscles from fraying (adhering junctions)
Cardiac cells have more _____ than other muscle cells, but do not store ____. They have ____ nucleus
mitochondria; glycogen; one
Integumentary system
protects from injury, dehydration, and some pathogens. Controls temps and excretes certain wastes
Circulatory system
helps transports materials to and from cells. helps internalize pH and temp
Endocrine system
controls hormones for growth and development
Lymphatic system
collects and returns tissue fluid the bloodstream. Defends against infection and damage. Lymph nodes are full of immune cells that respond to infection.
Respiratory system
delivers oxygen and removes CO2
Sand - silt - clay consistencies
sand - grainy
silt - small particles
clay - smallest particles
Plasmodesmata? ALL ABOARD!!
channels that act as bridges between cells. Helps transport materials
Casparian strip
waxy layer around vascular cylinder (in the roots) that helps regulate water uptake
Name the three types of plant tissues
Ground - photosynthesis and storage
Vascular - moves water and solutes
Determal - covers and protects
Name the three types of woody structures
periderm - parenchyma
Vascular cambium - xylem and phloem
Cork cambium - makes the cork, which insulates the plant
the 4 chordate characteristics
notochord
gills
postanal tail
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
Amphioxus vs the lamprey?
Amphioxus looks exactly like the lamprey when small. As it grows bigger, it looses all of its chordate characteristics, and looks like one of the most primitive organisms.
Hemotoxins vs neurotoxins
hemotoxins - digestive enzymes that destroy red blood cells. Vipers
Neurotoxins - paralyze cells and respiratory system. Coral snakes
Transition to vertebrates to land?
amphibians developed lungs, were one of the first tetrapods, an advanced urinary system and had thin skin
Adaptations for flight
airfoil wing
keel
lightweight bones
Basic animal characteristics
eukaryotic
multicellular
heterotrophic
have movement at some point
Blastula vs gastrula
Blastula - cells form giant ‘balloon’
Gastrula - when that balloon folds in on itself, creating the three layers
