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Anatomy and Physiology Lecture > Final Exam Review > Flashcards

Final Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q 
What is the name for the process of converting a stimulus into an action potential?
A. Graded potential
B. Perception
C. Transduction
D. Adaptation
A

C. Transduction

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2
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ receptors are always active and are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ receptors.
A. Phasic; fast adapting
B. Tonic; slow adapting
C. Tonic; fast adapting
D. Phasic; slow adapting
A

B. Tonic; slow adapting

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3
Q 
Conversion of a short-term memory to a long-term memory is called...
A. Memory conversion
B. Memory consolidation
C. Memory engraving
D. Anterograde amnesia
A

B. Memory consolidation

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4
Q 
Which of the following receptors are stimulated when a stiff breeze blows across the skin of your arm and moves some of the arm hairs?
A. Lamellated corpuscles
B. Root hair plexuses
C. Golgi tendon organs
D. Ruffini corpuscles
A

B. Root hair plexuses

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5
Q 
What is the name for painful sensations that are not real, like from an amputated limb?
A. Referred pain
B. Remote pain
C. Displaced pain
D. Phantom limb pain
A

D. Phantom limb pain

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6
Q 
Muscarinic receptors were named for their ability to bind the toxin called muscarine produced by certain \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. Mushrooms
B. Plants
C. Trees
D. Mosses
A

A. Mushrooms

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7
Q 
The second-order sensory neuron conducts sensory information, except proprioceptive input, to what part of the nervous system?
A. Medulla oblongata
B. Spinal cord
C. Thalamus
D. Sensory cortex
A

C. Thalamus

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8
Q 
Neural tissue in the central nervous system (CNS) is isolated from the general circulation by the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. Falx cerebri
B. Corpus striatum
C. Blood-brain barrier
D. Anterior commissures
A

C. Blood-brain barrier

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9
Q

Joints, or articulations, are classified on the basis of their degrees of movement. From the following selections, choose the group of terms that identifies the joints in this order: no movement, slightly movable, freely movable.
A. Amphiarthrosis, synarthrosis, diarthrosis
B. Diarthrosis, synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis
C. Synarthrosis, diarthrosis, amphiarthrosis
D. Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

A

D. Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

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10
Q 
Which of the following is the term for the crossing of an axon from the left side to the right side or from the right side to the left side?
A. Decussation
B. Phantom pain
C. Receptor potential
D. Central adaptation
A

A. Decussation

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11
Q 
Unlike compact bone, spongy bone resembles a network of bony struts separated by spaces that are normally filled with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. Lacunae
B. Bone marrow
C. Lamellae
D. Osteocytes
A

B. Bone marrow

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12
Q 
Which part of the brain stem contains centers and nuclei involved with salivation, swallowing, digestive secretions, peristalsis, and urinary function?
A. Pons
B. Medulla oblongata
C. Midbrain
D. Diencephalon
A

B. Medulla oblongata

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13
Q 
A network of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers located in the same vital organ form an autonomic \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. Paresthesia
B. Nucleus
C. Reflex
D. Plexus
A

D. Plexus

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14
Q 
Which process inhibits nuclei along a sensory pathway and reduces the awareness of a stimulus?
A. Central adaptation
B. Peripheral adaptation
C. Proprioception
D. Receptor potential
A

A. Central adaptation

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15
Q

What is the major structural difference between sympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic fibers?
A. Preganglionic fibers are close to target organs, and postganglionic fibers are close to the spinal cord
B. Preganglionic fibers are short, and postganglionic fibers are long
C. Preganglionic fibers are long, and postganglionic fibers are short
D. Preganglionic fibers innervate target organs, whereas postganglionic fibers originate from cranial nerves

A

B. Preganglionic fibers are short, and postganglionic fibers are long

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16
Q 
The enzyme \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ breaks down norepinephrine.
A. Adenylate cyclase
B. Monoamine oxidase
C. Acetylcholinesterase
D. Phosphoribulokinase
A

B. Monoamine oxidase

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17
Q 
Anti-depressants such as Prozac slow the re-uptake of which neurotransmitter from synapses?
A. Serotonin
B. Nitric oxide
C. Epinephrine
D. Dopamine
A

A. Serotonin

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18
Q 
Judith is receiving messages in her brain from baroreceptors in her stomach, from chemoreceptors detecting PO2 levels in her blood, and from tactile receptors in her skin. All this information must be transmitted in what format in order to be detected by the central nervous system (CNS)?
A. Sensations
B. Perception
C. Action potentials
D. Pain
A

C. Action potentials

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19
Q

Increasing stimulation to the reticular activating system (RAS) makes an individual __________.
A. More likely to fall asleep
B. Produce fewer motor responses to external stimuli
C. Experience increased parasympathetic activity
D. More alert to sensory information

A

D. More alert to sensory information

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20
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ occurs when the autonomic motor neurons have a resting level of activation even in the absence of stimulus.
A. Low level stimulation
B. Autonomic tone
C. Paresthesia
D. Tonic activation
A

B. Autonomic tone

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21
Q 
The spinal tract that relays information concerning pain and temperature to the CNS is the...
A. Anterior spinothalamic
B. Lateral spinothalamic
C. Cuneate fasciculus
D. Gracile fasciculus
A

B. Lateral spinothalamic

22
Q 
Compression of which nerve produces the sensation that your leg has “fallen asleep”?
A. Sural nerve
B. Sciatic nerve
C. Saphenous nerve
D. Femoral nerve
A

B. Sciatic nerve

23
Q 
Alpha and beta receptors are types of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ membrane receptors.
A. Muscarinic
B. Adrenergic
C. Oxidergic
D. Nicotinic
A

B. Adrenergic

24
Q 
Which of the following is a criterion for naming muscles?
A. The muscle's location on the body
B. All of the choices are correct
C. The muscle's origin and insertion
D. The muscle's action
A

B. All of the choices are correct

25
Q

The three integrated pathways controlling conscious and subconscious motor commands in skeletal muscle are the __________ pathways.
A. Corticobulbar, tectospinal, and rubrospinal
B. Corticospinal, medial, and lateral
C. Vestibulospinal, tectospinal, and reticulospinal
D. Cerebellum, corticospinal, and reticulospinal

A

B. Corticospinal, medial, and lateral

26
Q 
During a crisis, the event necessary for an individual to be able to cope with stressful and potentially dangerous situations is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. Splanchnic innervation
B. Sympathetic activation
C. The effector responses
D. Parasympathetic activation
A

B. Sympathetic activation

27
Q 
Schizophrenia may be caused by excessive production of which neurotransmitter?
A. Serotonin
B. Norepinephrine
C. Dopamine
D. Adrenaline
A

C. Dopamine

28
Q 
What is the name of the large, concave socket that articulates with the head of the femur?
A. Iliac fossa
B. Obturator foramen
C. Greater sciatic notch
D. Acetabulum
A

D. Acetabulum

29
Q 
A type of junction between cells that allows the passage of small molecules and ions from cell to cell is a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. Gap junction
B. Tight junction
C. Lumen
D. Spot desmosome
A

A. Gap junction

30
Q 
Which functional class of neurons carries electrical signals that control the contractions of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle?
A. Visceral motor neurons
B. Somatic motor neurons
C. Somatic sensory neurons
D. Visceral sensory neurons
A

A. Visceral motor neurons

31
Q

How do third-degree burns differ from first- and second-degree burns?
A. A third-degree burn is restricted to the superficial layers of the skin
B. In a third-degree burn, fluid accumulates between the dermis and the epidermis
C. Third-degree burns are more painful
D. In a third-degree burn, the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis are destroyed

A

D. In a third-degree burn, the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis are destroyed

32
Q 
The depolarization or hyperpolarization that happens to a receptor to cause an action potential is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. A trigger potential
B. A sensory potential
C. A receptor potential
D. A generator potential
A

D. A generator potential

33
Q 
When sympathetic preganglionic fibers synapse with the adrenal medulla, the neurotransmitters \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are released. 
A. Noradrenaline; glutamate
B. Dopamine; adrenaline
C. Epinephrine; norepinephrine
D. Serotonin; nitric oxide
A

C. Epinephrine; norepinephrine

34
Q 
The sliding of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ over \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ causes shortening of skeletal muscle fibers.
A. Actin; myosin
B. Actin; troponin
C. Troponin; myosin
D. Myosin; actin
A

A. Actin; myosin

35
Q 
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ nerve provides roughly 75% of all parasympathetic outflow.
A. Optic
B. Trigeminal
C. Vagus
D. Hypoglossal
A

C. Vagus

36
Q

Damage at the cellular, tissue, or organ level often affects the entire system. This supports the view that __________.
A. Each level is totally independent of the others
B. Each level is dependent on the others
C. The lower levels depend on the higher levels
D. Each level has its own specific function

A

B. Each level is dependent on the others

37
Q

Comparing the structure and functions of DNA and RNA, which of the following statements is most accurate?
A. DNA is copied into RNA and that copy is used to build specific proteins
B. RNA contains a pair of nucleotide chains
C. The pentose sugar in DNA nucleotides is ribose
D. DNA always contains the nitrogenous base uracil

A

A. DNA is copied into RNA and that copy is used to build specific proteins

38
Q 
Which of the following receptive fields would allow you to best localize the stimulus? Receptive fields: 2 cm, 5 cm, 1 cm, 7 cm
A. 2 cm
B. 7 cm
C. 5 cm
D. 1 cm
A

D. 1 cm

39
Q

The three components of the adult sternum are the __________.
A. Head, capitulum, and tuberculum
B. Manubrium, body, and xiphoid process
C. Angle, body, and shaft
D. Pneumothorax, hemothorax, and tuberculum

A

B. Manubrium, body, and xiphoid process

40
Q 
When does active dreaming occur?
A. Deep sleep
B. Non-REM sleep
C. REM sleep
D. Beta sleep
A

C. REM sleep

41
Q

Which two components of the limbic system are essential to memory consolidation?
A. The intermediate mass and the pineal gland
B. The fornix and the mammillary body
C. The cingulate gyrus and the corpus callosum
D. The amygdaloid body and the hippocampus

A

D. The amygdaloid body and the hippocampus

42
Q 
The motor homunculus shows larger structures in areas of the body that...
A. Have bigger skeletal muscles
B, Are highly sensitive
C. Have more motor units
D. Have more sensory receptors
A

C. Have more motor units

43
Q

The integrative activities performed by neurons in the cerebellar cortex and the cerebellar nuclei are essential to the __________.
A. Involuntary regulation of posture and muscle tone
B. Precise control of voluntary and involuntary movements
C. Involuntary regulation of autonomic functions
D. Voluntary control of skeletal muscle

A

B. Precise control of voluntary and involuntary movements

44
Q 
Most sympathetic postganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. Acetylcholine
B. Norepinephrine
C. Epinephrine
D. Dopamine
A

B. Norepinephrine

45
Q 
Which of the following pathways is responsible for the subconscious regulation of muscle tone and reflex activity in the neck, trunk, and proximal limbs?
A. Corticospinal pathway
B. Corticobulbar tracts
C. Lateral pathway
D. Medial pathway
A

D. Medial pathway

46
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are neurotransmitter-containing, pearl-like structures on sympathetic ganglionic neuron telodendrion.
A. Terminal buds
B. RAS
C. Varicosities
D. Mesenteries
A

C. Varicosities

47
Q 
Mechanoreceptors that respond to changes in blood pressure are called...
A. Proprioceptors
B. Chemoreceptors
C. Thermoreceptors
D. Baroreceptors
A

D. Baroreceptors

48
Q 
What is the term expressing how a receptor can be stimulated by a certain stimulus but not any other stimuli?
A. Depolarization
B. Perception
C. Complex reception
D. Receptor specificity
A

D. Receptor specificity

49
Q 
What is the term for the movement of a molecule across a membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration using a carrier protein and ATP?
A. Endocytosis
B. Facilitated diffusion
C. Active transport
D. Exocytosis
A

C. Active transport

50
Q

Type A fibers carry fast pain signals while Type C fibers carry slow pain signals. What is the different in the structure of Type A and Type C fibers?
A. Type A fibers are long and Type C are short
B. Type A fibers lack centrioles and Type C contain centrioles
C. Type A fibers are myelinated and Type C are non-myelinated
D. Type A fibers have fewer mitochondria than Type C fibers

A

C. Type A fibers are myelinated and Type C are non-myelinated

Anatomy and Physiology Lecture (12 decks)

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