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Anatomy and Physiology Lecture > Chapter 15-16 Mastering Practice Questions > Flashcards

Chapter 15-16 Mastering Practice Questions Flashcards

1
Q 
The conversion of the stimulus into an action potential to be interpreted by the brain is called?
A. Transduction
B. Transcription
C. Transpotential
D. Translation
E. Transformation
A

A. Transduction

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2
Q 
Your brain is not constantly bombarded with signals telling it that you are wearing socks. This is because the touch receptors around your ankle are...
A. Tonic receptors
B. Tonic receptors and slow-adapting
C. Phasic receptors and slow-adapting
D. Nociceptors
E. Phasic receptors and fast-adapting
A

E. Phasic receptors and fast-adapting

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3
Q

In order for a sensation to become a perception,
A. The individual must vocalize about it
B. It must be received by the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus
C. It must arrive over fast-conducting nerve fibers
D. The other senses must be silent
E. It must be received by the somatosensory cortex

A

E. It must be received by the somatosensory cortex

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4
Q

Central adaptation refers to…
A. A change in motor receptivity of a neuron
B. Increases in conscious perception of a sensory stimulus
C. Inhibition of nuclei located along a sensory pathway
D. A characteristic of phasic receptors
E. The decline in activity of peripheral receptors when stimulated

A

C. Inhibition of nuclei located along a sensory pathway

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5
Q 
Peripheral adaptation \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the number of action potentials that reach the CNS.
A. Neutralizes
B. Decreases
C. Amplifies
D. Stabilizes
E. Increases
A

B. Decreases

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6
Q 
A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ potential is a depolarization of a sensory dendrite that can lead to an afferent nerve impulse if strong enough.
A. Refractory
B. Resting
C. Presynaptic
D. Postsynaptic
E.  Generator
A

E. Generator

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7
Q 
You cannot tell when your small intestines shift position as food enters because you do not have any \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ there.
A. Chemoreceptors
B. Proprioceptors
C. Thermoreceptors
D. Nociceptors
E. Photoreceptors
A

B. Proprioceptors

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8
Q 
Receptors in your stomach that determine when food enters because the pH changes would be classified as...
A. Nociceptors
B. Chemoreceptors
C. Baroreceptors
D. Proprioceptors
E. Mechanoreceptors
A

B. Chemoreceptors

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9
Q 
Chemoreceptors of the general senses do not send information to the primary sensory cortex but instead send information to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to control autonomic function.
A. Cerebellum
B. Brain stem
C. Corpus callosum
D. Cerebrum
E. Spinal cord
A

B. Brain stem

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10
Q 
Mechanoreceptors that respond to changes in blood pressure are called...
A. Chemoreceptors
B. Nociceptors
C. Thermoreceptors
D. Baroreceptors
E. Proprioceptors
A

D. Baroreceptors

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11
Q 
A highly sensitive tactile receptor composed of dendritic processes of a single myelinated fiber that makes contact with specialized cells of the stratum basale is a...
A. Root hair plexus
B. Lamellar corpuscle
C. Tactile (Merkel) disc
D. Tacile (Meissner) corpuscle
E. Bulbous corpuscle
A

C. Tactile (Merkel) disc

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12
Q 
For the last few weeks, you have had an odd sensation on your upper thigh. When you touch the naked skin, it feels very strange, like you are touching your skin through layers of cloth. The surrounding area feels normal. Your doctor thinks that this may be related to spinal nerve damage related to a herniated disc. The doctor calls this change in sensation...
A. Synesthesia 
B. Paresthesia
C. Anesthesia
D. Kinesthesia
E. Hypesthesia
A

B. Paresthesia

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13
Q

Which of the following is the best illustration for Golgi tendon organ activation?
A. A male gymnast performing an iron cross on the rings apparatus
B. A female gymnast in midair over the vaulting horse
C. A gymnast doing a split
D. A gymnast breathing heavily after a floor exercise

A

A. A male gymnast performing an iron cross on the rings apparatus

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14
Q 
The spinal tract that relays information concerning pain and temperature to the CNS is the...
A. Gracile fasciculus
B. Cuneate fasciculus
C. Posterior spinocerebellar
D. Lateral spinothalamic
E. Anterior spinothalamic
A

D. Lateral spinothalamic

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15
Q 
Your uncle was just diagnosed with a heart attack. One of his major symptoms is left arm pain. You are not surprised because you are familiar with the phenomenon of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ pain.
A. Neurogenic
B. Somatic
C. Psychosomatic
D. Phantom
E. Referred
A

E. Referred

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16
Q 
Each of the following is an ascending tract in the spinal cord except the...
A. Anterior spinothalamic
B. Reticulospinal tract
C. Posterior spinocerebellar
D. Cuneate fasciculus
E. Gracile fasciculus
A

B. Reticulospinal tract

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17
Q 
The afferent neuron that carries the sensation and enters the CNS is a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ neuron.
A. Second-order
B. First-order
C. Fourth-order
D. Third-order
A

B. First-order

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18
Q 
Thalamic neurons that project to the primary sensory cortex are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ neurons.
A. Receptor
B. First-order
C. Third-order
D. Fourth-order
E. Second-order
A

C. Third-order

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19
Q

We can localize sensations that originate in different areas of the body because…
A. Different types of sensory receptors produce action potentials of different sizes and shapes
B. Incoming sensory information is first processed by the thalamus
C. Of the many types of tactile receptors
D. Sensory neurons from specific body
regions project to specific cortical regions
E. Sensory neurons carry only one modality

A

D. Sensory neurons from specific body regions to project to specific cortical regions

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20
Q

Lucy is a 24-year-old who describes having severe pain emanating from her right upper chest and shoulder. She has no family history of heart disease. Which of the following is the most likely hypothesis for what she is experiencing?
A. Lucy recently changed purses to one that is heavier, with a longer strap. She is experiencing pain through her anterior spinothalamic tracts as a result of this switch. Eventually, the muscles will adapt to the difference
B. Lucy is having referred pain from her gallbladder. The visceral sensory pathway that follows along the same spinal segments is most likely innervating the lateral spinothalamic tracts
C. Lucy may be experiencing pain from a pulled muscle. This sensation is due to decussation of the gracilis and cutaneous spinal tracts
D. The spinocerebellar pathway is innervated due to excessive exercising. As a result, she feels pain in her right deltoid muscle

A

B. Lucy is having referred pain from her gallbladder. The visceral sensory pathway that follows along the same spinal segments is most likely innervating the lateral spinothalamic tracts

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21
Q 
In motor pathways, the only portion of the pathway that is outside of the CNS is the...
A. Axon of the lower motor neuron
B. Axon of the upper motor neuron
C. Upper motor neuron
D. Interneuron
A

A. Axon of the lower motor neuron

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22
Q 
The corticospinal pathway begins in which area of the brain?
A. Midbrain
B. Somatosensory cortex
C. Vestibular nuclei
D. Red nuclei
E. Primary motor cortex
A

E. Primary motor cortex

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23
Q 
The motor homunculus shows larger structures in areas of the body that...
A. Are highly sensitive
B. Have more motor units
C. Have more surface area
D. Have bigger skeletal muscles
E. Have more sensory receptors
A

B. Have more motor units

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24
Q 
The rubrospinal tracts originate in the...
A. Vestibular nuclei
B. Thalamus
C. Primary motor cortex
D. Red nuclei
E. Reticular formation
A

D. Red nuclei

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25
Q 
The neurons of the primary motor cortex are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cells.
A. Astrocyte
B. Neuroglial
C. Dendritic
D. Pyramidal
E. Cortical
A

D. Pyramidal

26
Q 
The spinal tract that normally plays a role in the subconscious regulation of the muscles of the arms is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ tract.
A. Lateral corticospinal
B. Reticulospinal
C. Vestibulospinal
D. Rubrospinal
E. Anterior corticospinal
A

D. Rubrospinal

27
Q 
The spinal tract that unconsciously maintains balance and muscle tone is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ tract.
A. Anterior corticospinal
B. Vestibulospinal
C. Lateral corticospinal
D. Rubrospinal
E. Reticulospinal
A

B. Vestibulospinal

28
Q 
The medial pathway that controls involuntary movements of head, neck, and arm position in response to sudden visual and auditory stimuli is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ tract.
A. Reticulospinal
B. Tectospinal
C. Rubrospinal
D. Lateral corticospinal
E. Vestibulospinal
A

B. Tectospinal

29
Q

Some neurons within the basal nuclei are known to…
A. Stimulate neurons with acetylcholine
B. Inhibit neurons with GABA
C. Inhibit neurons with GABA and stimulate neurons with acetylcholine
D. Stimulate neurons with GABA
E. Stimulate neurons with GABA and stimulate neurons with acetylcholine

A

C. Inhibit neurons with GABA and stimulate neurons with acetylcholine

30
Q 
Descending tracts in the spinal cord relay \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ information.
A. Only somatic
B. Sensory and motor
C. Motor
D. Sensory
E. Autonomic
A

C. Motor

31
Q 
Preganglionic fibers leave the CNS and then synapse on...
A. Motor neurons
B. Postganglionic fibers
C. Visceral reflex responses
D. Ganglionic neurons
E. Afferent neurons
A

D. Ganglionic neurons

32
Q

Preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located in…
A. Both the brainstem and the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord
B. The lateral gray horns of the spinal cord
C. The brain
D. The cerebrum
E. The posterior gray horns of the spinal cord

A

A. Both the brainstem and the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord

33
Q 
A visceral motor neuron whose cell body is within the CNS is called a(n)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ neuron.
A. Preganglionic
B. Somatomotor
C. Upper motor
D. Postganglionic
E. Lower motor
A

A. Preganglionic

34
Q 
In which system are the ganglia in or near the target organ?
A. Afferent nervous system
B. Sympathetic division of the ANS
C. Central nervous system
D. Somatic nervous system
E. Parasympathetic division of the ANS
A

E. Parasympathetic division of the ANS

35
Q 
Sympathetic preganglionic fibers are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and have \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ axons.
A. Intermediate; small
B. Long; myelinated
C. Short; unmyelinated
D. Short; myelinated
E. Long; unmyelinated
A

D. Short; myelinated

36
Q 
Postganglionic axons usually are...
A. Myelinated
B. Larger than preganglionic fibers
C. Located in the spinal cord
D. Unmyelinated
E. Located in the brain
A

D. Unmyelinated

37
Q 
Collateral ganglia contain neurons that innervate tissues and organs in which cavity?
A. Abdominal
B. Abdominopelvic
C. Pelvic
D. Craniosacral
E. Thoracic
A

B. Abdominopelvic

38
Q 
Specialized ganglionic sympathetic neurons that release hormones into the bloodstream are found within the...
A. Intramural ganglia
B. Collateral ganglia
C. Adrenal medullae
D. Brain stem
E. Chain ganglia
A

C. Adrenal medullae

39
Q 
As the result of an accident, the white rami communicantes of spinal nerves T1 and T2 on the left side of Brad's body are severed. What organ(s) would you expect to be affected by this injury?
A. Left pupil
B. Both pupils
C. Heart
D. Left pupil and heart
E. Right pupil
A

D. Left pupil and heart

40
Q

Which response is NOT part of sympathetic activation?
A. Increased heart rate
B. Decreased sensitivity to painful stimuli
C. Increased alertness
D. Decreased muscle tone

A

D. Decreased muscle tone

41
Q 
Sympathetic axon terminals form a branching network of swollen segments called...
A. Ganglia
B. Nuclei
C. Varicosities
D. Receptors
E. Bulbs
A

C. Varicosities

42
Q

Stimulation of the beta receptors on heart muscle cells results in…
A. Slower heart rate
B. Decreased force of contraction
C. Inhibition of the heart muscle
D. The decreases in ATP production
E. Increased heart rate and force of contraction

A

E. Increased heart rate and force of contraction

43
Q 
If the receptor on the postsynaptic membrane binds to norepinephrine, the synapse is called...
A. Noradrenergic
B. Adrenergic
C. Anergic
D. Synergic
E. Cholinergic
A

B. Adrenergic

44
Q

The statement “It initiates contraction of urinary bladder smooth muscle” is…
A. True for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
B. True only for the parasympathetic nervous system.
C. Not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems.
D. True only for the sympathetic nervous system.
E. True only for the somatic nervous system.

A

B. True only for the parasympathetic nervous system

45
Q

Which of the following statements concerning the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is false?
A. The actions of the parasympathetic division are more localized than those of the sympathetic division.
B. Preganglionic fibers are relatively short and postganglionic fibers are relatively long.
C. The ganglionic neurons always release acetylcholine.
D. Preganglionic neurons are located in the brain stem and sacral region of the spinal cord.
E. Ganglionic neurons are located in ganglia within or near to effectors.

A

B. Preganglionic fibers are relatively short and postganglionic fibers are relatively long

46
Q 
Damage to the glossopharyngeal nerve would likely cause...
A. Urine retention
B. Problems in sexual arousal
C. Increase in heart rate
D. A reduction in saliva
E. Visual problems
A

D. A reduction in saliva

47
Q

When reviewing the general functions of the parasympathetic division, which of the following statements best summarizes the physiologic outcome?
A. The parasympathetic division is considered a catabolic system because it functions to make glucose readily available to the cells.
B. The parasympathetic division functions in short term, physiologic crisis management.
C. The parasympathetic division mobilizes energy reserves in the liver and skeletal muscle for immediate release.
D. The parasympathetic division works at counterbalancing the sympathetic division by conserving energy and lowering metabolic rate.

A

D. The parasympathetic division works at counterbalancing the sympathetic division by conserving energy and lowering metabolic rate

48
Q

The statement “Preganglionic axon terminals release acetylcholine” is…
A. True only for the parasympathetic nervous system.
B. Not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems.
C. True only for the sympathetic nervous system.
D. True for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
E. True only for the somatic nervous system.

A

D. True for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems

49
Q

A doctor places drops in the eyes to dilate the pupils for an examination. The type of drug that is used is a(n) ________ drug.

  1. sympathomimetic
  2. parasympathomimetic
  3. adrenergic activating
  4. cholinergic activating
A. 1, 3
B. 4
C. 2, 4 
D. 1, 2 
E. 3
A

A. 1, 3

50
Q 
The ganglia located lateral to the vertebral column are part of the sympathetic...
A. Tubes
B. Tract
C. Decussation
D. Canal
E. Chain
A

E. Chain

51
Q 
Which of these is NOT a similarity between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems?
A. Both affect the pupils
B. Both affect heart rate
C. Both use norepinephrine
D. Both use acetylcholine
A

C. Both use norepinephrine

52
Q

Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving…
A. Nerves from both the brain and the spinal cord
B. Both sensory and motor nerves
C. Both autonomic and somatomotor nerves
D. Two nerves from the spinal cord
E. Both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation

A

E. Both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation

53
Q 
Nerve networks that include both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers that reach the same structure are called...
A. Somatic plexuses
B. Somatic ganglia
C. Autonomic plexuses
D. Autonomic ganglia
E. Central plexuses
A

C. Autonomic plexuses

54
Q

A decrease in the autonomic tone of the smooth muscle in a blood vessel would result in…
A. No change in vessel diameter
B. Oscillation in vessel diameter
C. A decrease in vessel diameter
D. An increase in blood flow through the vessel
E. A decrease in blood flow through the vessel

A

D. An increase in blood flow through the vessel

55
Q 
Which of the following is NOT an example of a visceral reflex?
A. Defecation reflex
B. Vomiting reflex
C. Tendon reflex
D. Pupillary reflex
A

C. Tendon reflex

56
Q 
Long-term memories that are with you for a lifetime are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ memories.
A. Secondary
B. Reflexive
C. Tertiary
D. Multilobar
E. Consolidated
A

C. Tertiary

57
Q 
Conversion of a short-term memory to a long-term memory is called...
A. Memory engraving
B. Anterograde amnesia
C. Memory programming
D. Memory consolidation
E. Memory conversion
A

D. Memory consolidation

58
Q 
The regulation of awake-asleep cycles appears to involve an interplay between brain stem nuclei that use different neurotransmitters. The one that favors alertness is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and the other promoting deep sleep is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. Dopamine; GABA
B. Serotonin; Norepinephrine
C. Acetylcholine; serotonin
D. Glutamate; serotonin
E. Norepinephrine; serotonin
A

E. Norepinephrine; serotonin

59
Q 
During \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ sleep, dreaming occurs.
A. Stage 1
B. Deep
C. REM
D. Stage 2
E. Beta
A

C. REM

60
Q 
During deep sleep, which of these changes is/are NOT normally observed?
A. Decreased heart rate
B. Decreased respiratory rate
C. Rapid eye movements
D. Slow-wave EEG
A

C. Rapid eye movements

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