Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology Lecture > Chapter 1 - An Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - An Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the study of Anatomy?

A

Describes the structures of the body (ex. what they are made of, where they are located, associated structures)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the study of Physiology?

A

Study of the functions of anatomical structures (individual and cooperative functions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Gross Anatomy?

A

Macroscopic anatomy; examines large, visible structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the different studies of Gross Anatomy?

A

a. Surface Anatomy - exterior features
b. Regional Anatomy - body areas
c. Sectional Anatomy - cross sections
d. Systemic Anatomy - organ systems
e. Clinical Anatomy - medical specialties
f. Developmental Anatomy - from conception to adulthood (includes embryology)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Microscopic Anatomy?

A

Examines cells and molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the different studies of Microscopic Anatomy?

A

a. Cytology - study of cells

b. Histology - study of tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the different studies of Human Physiology?

A

a. Cell Physiology - function of cells
b. Organ Physiology - functions of specific organs
c. Systemic Physiology - functions of organ systems
d. Pathological Physiology - effects of diseases on organs/systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

A patient may present with either a _____ or a _________.

A

Sign (ex. fever); symptom (ex. tiredness)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does a physician reach a diagnosis?

A

Uses the scientific method by evaluating observations to form a hypothesis and test the hypothesis by collecting/analyzing the data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the different levels of organization in Anatomy & Physiology?

A

a. Chemical level
b. Cellular level
c. Tissue level
d. Organ level
e. Organ system level
f. Organism level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What makes up the Chemical Level of Anatomy & Physiology?

A

Atoms - the smallest stable units of matter

Molecules - consist of groups of atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What makes up the Cellular Level of Anatomy & Physiology?

A

Cells - the smallest living units in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What makes up the Tissue Level of Anatomy & Physiology?

A

Tissue - a group of cells that work together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What makes up the Organ Level of Anatomy & Physiology?

A

Organs - which are made of two or more tissues working together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What makes up the Organ System Level of Anatomy & Physiology?

A

An organ system - a group of interacting organs (humans have 11 organ systems)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What makes up the Organism Level of Anatomy & Physiology?

A

Organism - an individual life form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the different types of Organ Systems?

A

a. Integumentary
b. Skeletal
c. Muscular
d. Nervous
e. Endocrine
f. Cardiovascular
g. Lymphatic
h. Respiratory
i. Digestive
j. Urinary
k. Male reproductive
l. Female reproductive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the major organs that make up the Integumentary System?

A
  • Skin
  • Hair
  • Sweat glands
  • Nails
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the main functions of the Integumentary System?

A
  • Protects against environmental hazards
  • Helps regulate body temperature
  • Provides sensory information
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the major organs of the Skeletal System?

A
  • Bones
  • Cartilages
  • Associated ligaments
  • Bone marrow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the main functions of the Skeletal System?

A
  • Provides support and protection for other tissues
  • Stores calcium and other minerals
  • Forms blood cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the major organs of the Muscular System?

A
  • Skeletal muscles and associated tendons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the main functions of the Muscular System?

A
  • Provides movement
  • Provides protection and support for other tissues
  • Generates heat that maintains body temperature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the major organs of the Nervous System?

A
  • Brain and spinal cord
  • Peripheral nerves
  • Sense organs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the main functions of the Nervous System?

A
  • Directs immediate responses to stimuli
  • Coordinates or moderates other organ systems
  • Provides and interprets sensory information
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the major organs of the Endocrine System?

A
  • Directs long-term changes in other organ systems
  • Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use
  • Controls many structural and functional changes during development
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the major organs of the Cardiovascular System?

A
  • Heart
  • Blood
  • Blood vessels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the major functions of the Cardiovascular System?

A
  • Distributes blood cells, water, nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide
  • Distributes heat to control body temperature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the major organs of the Lymphatic System?

A
  • Spleen
  • Thymus
  • Lymphatic vessels
  • Lymph nodes
  • Tonsils
30
Q

What are the major functions of the Lymphatic System?

A
  • Defends against infection and disease

- Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream

31
Q

What are the major organs of the Respiratory System?

A
  • Nasal cavities
  • Sinuses
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Lungs
  • Alveoli
32
Q

What are the main functions of the Respiratory System?

A
  • Delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs)
  • Provides oxygen to bloodstream
  • Removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream
  • Produces sounds for communication
33
Q

What are the major organs of the Digestive System?

A
  • Teeth
  • Tongue
  • Pharynx
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Pancreas
34
Q

What are the main functions of the Digestive System?

A
  • Processes and digests food
  • Absorbs and conserves water
  • Absorbs nutrients
  • Stores energy reserves
35
Q

What are the major organs of the Urinary System?

A
  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Urinary bladder
  • Urethra
36
Q

What are the main functions of the Urinary System?

A
  • Excretes waste products from the blood
  • Controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced
  • Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination
  • Regulates blood ion concentrations and pH
37
Q

What are the major organs of the Male Reproductive System?

A
  • Testes
  • Epididymis
  • Ductus deferens
  • Seminal vesicles
  • Prostate gland
  • Penis
  • Scrotum
38
Q

What are the main functions of the Male Reproductive System?

A
  • Produces male sex cells (sperm), seminal fluids, and hormones
  • Sexual intercourse
39
Q

What are the major organs of the Female Reproductive System?

A
  • Ovaries
  • Uterine tubes
  • Uterus
  • Vagina
  • Labia
  • Clitoris
  • Mammary glands
40
Q

What are the main functions of the Female Reproductive System?

A
  • Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones
  • Supports developing embryo from conception to delivery
  • Provides milk to nourish newborn infant
  • Sexual intercourse
41
Q

What is Medical Terminology?

A

Terms related to the body in health and disease

42
Q

What is Surface Anatomy?

A

The study of locating structures on or near the body surface

43
Q

What are the main types of anatomical landmarks?

A

a. Anatomical position - hands at sides, palms forward
b. Supine - lying down, face up
c. Prone - lying down, face down

44
Q

What is considered Sectional Anatomy and what is its importance?

A
  • A section is a slice through a 3D object (used to visualize internal organization)
  • Important in radiological techniques (ex. MRI, PET, CT)
45
Q

What is a Sectional Plane?

A

A single view along a two-dimensional flat surface

46
Q

What is a Frontal (Coronal) Plane?

A

A vertical plane that divides body into anterior and posterior portions

47
Q

What is a Sagittal Plane?

A

A vertical plane dividing body into left and right portions

48
Q

What is a Transverse Plane?

A

Divides body into superior and inferior portions

49
Q

What are the essential functions of body cavities?

A
  • Protect organs from shocks and impacts

- Permit significant changes in size and shape of internal organs

50
Q

Body cavities contain ___________.

A

Viscera (internal organs)

51
Q

What is the Ventral Body Cavity divided by?

A

The diaphragm, which includes the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

52
Q

What is the Serous Membrane (Serosa) and what does it consist of?

A
  • What lines body cavities and covers organs

- Consists of parietal and visceral layers (parietal serosa lines cavity; visceral serosa covers organ)

53
Q

What is the Thoracic Cavity composed of?

A
  • Right and left pleural cavities (contains right and left lungs)
  • Mediastinum
54
Q

What does the upper and lower portion of the Mediastinum contain?

A

a. Upper portion - filled with blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, and thymus
b. Lower portion.- contains pericardial cavity (heart is located within the pericardial cavity)

55
Q

What is the Abdominopelvic Cavity composed of?

A
  • Peritoneal cavity
  • Abdominal cavity
  • Pelvic cavity
56
Q

The Parietal Peritoneum lines the…

A

Internal body wall

57
Q

The Visceral Peritoneum covers the…

A

Organs

58
Q

What is the Abdominal Cavity composed of?

A
  • The diaphragm to the top of pelvic bones
  • Contains digestive organs
  • Retroperitoneal space
59
Q

What is the Retroperitoneal Space?

A
  • An area posterior to peritoneum and anterior to muscular body wall
  • Contains pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and parts of the digestive tract
60
Q

What is the Pelvic Cavity composed of?

A
  • Reproductive organs
  • Rectum
  • Bladder
61
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

When all body systems work together to maintain a stable internal environment (when systems respond to external and internal changes to keep variables within normal ranges; ex. body temp. and fluid balance)

62
Q

What are the different types of Homeostatic Regulation?

A

a. Autoregulation

b. Extrinsic regulation

63
Q

What is Autoregulation?

A

Automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to an environmental change

64
Q

What is Extrinsic Regulation?

A

Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems

65
Q

A homeostatic regulatory mechanism consists of…

A
  1. Receptor - receives the stimulus
  2. Control center - processes the signal and sends instructions
  3. Effector - carries out instructions
66
Q

A homeostatic regulatory mechanism limits…

A

Fluctuations of internal conditions to keep them close to a set point/desired value

67
Q

What is Negative Feedback?

A

When the response of the effector negates the stimulus and the body is brought back into homeostasis (normal range is maintained)

68
Q

What is Positive Feedback?

A

When the initial stimulus produces a response that amplifies the original change in conditions and the body is moved away from homeostasis (normal range is not maintained)

69
Q

What is a Positive Feedback Loop?

A

Process that completes a dangerous process quickly to reestablish homeostasis

70
Q

What is Systems Integration?

A

When systems work together to maintain homeostasis

Anatomy and Physiology Lecture (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions