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Anatomy and Physiology Lecture > Chapter 4 Study Guide > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 tissue types?

A
  1. Epithelial tissue
  2. Connective tissue
  3. Muscle tissue
  4. Nervous tissue
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2
Q

What is the function of Epithelial Tissue?

A
  • Covers exposed surfaces
  • Lines internal passageways and chambers
  • Produces glandular secretions
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3
Q

What is the function of Connective Tissue?

A
  • Fills internal spaces
  • Provides structural support
  • Stores energy
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4
Q

What is the function of Muscle Tissue?

A
  • Contracts to produce movement
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5
Q

What is the function of Nervous Tissue?

A
  • Propagates electrical impulses

- Carries information

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6
Q

Epithelial tissues are layers of cells that cover external surfaces and line internal surfaces and includes __________ and __________.

A

Epithelia; glands

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7
Q

List 4 essential functions of epithelial tissue

A
  1. Provide physical protection
  2. Control permeability
  3. Provide sensation
  4. Produce specialized secretions
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8
Q

When discussing epithelial tissue, the term ____________ refers to the presence of structural and functional differences between exposed and attached surfaces.

A

Polarity

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9
Q

The _________ surface of epithelial tissue is exposed to the external or internal environment and the ________ surface is where cells attach to underlying cells or tissues, or cells that are adjacent to them.

A

Apical; basolateral

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10
Q

What is the result of excessive exposure of nicotine and carbon monoxide from cigarette smoke have on cilia in the respiratory tract?

A

Ciliary movement can stop and without the protective upward flow of mucus, infection or disease becomes more likely

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11
Q

Cell adhesion molecules include polysaccharide derivatives known as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Name the most notable GAG.

A

Hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid)

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12
Q

At gap junctions, two cells are held together by embedded interlocking transmembrane proteins called ___________.

A

Connexons

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13
Q

The function of _____________ is mainly to prevent water and solutes from passing between cells.

A

Tight junctions

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14
Q

____________ are durable interconnections between epithelial cells that resist mechanical stresses such as stretching and twisting.

A

Desmosomes

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15
Q

What are the 3 basic shapes of Epithelial Cells?

A
  1. Squamous
  2. Cuboidal
  3. Columnar
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16
Q

What are the different types of cell layers of Epithelial Cells?

A
  1. Simple

2. Stratified

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17
Q

What classification of epithelium is thin and fragile, and is characteristic of regions where secretion and absorption occur?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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18
Q

Alveoli are lung structures where gas exchange occurs. What type of epithelium would likely comprise alveoli?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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19
Q

___________ epithelium in the urinary bladder tolerates repeated cycles of stretching without damage.

A

Transitional

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20
Q

__________________ epithelium appears to be stratified, but is not, because every epithelial cell is in contact with the basement membrane.

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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21
Q

__________ glands release their secretions into the blood and __________ glands release their secretion on epithelial surfaces or ducts that lead to epithelial surface. (Note: the prefixes endo- and exo- will help you differentiate between the two)

A

Endocrine; exocrine

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22
Q

__________ glands produce hormones.

A

Endocrine

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23
Q

__________ glands are classified by their structure, the products they secrete, and how they secrete their products.

A

Exocrine

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24
Q

_________ cells produce mucin, and when mixed with water becomes mucus.

A

Goblet

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25
Q

__________ secretions are released from exocrine cells by secretory vesicles through exocytosis.

A

Merocrine

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26
Q

__________ secretions are released when the apical surface of a cell becomes filled with secretory vesicles which are then shed, so that there is a loss of cytoplasm and secretory product.

A

Apocrine

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27
Q

__________ secretions released from the cell by bursting open, thus destroying the cell.

A

Holocrine

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28
Q

In general, ___________ tissue connects the epithelium to the rest of the body.

A

Connective

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29
Q

List the three basic components of connective tissue

A
  1. Specialized cells
  2. Extracellular protein fibers
  3. A fluid known as ground substance
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30
Q

List 4 cell types that permanently reside in connective tissue proper, and briefly state their function

A
  1. Fibroblasts - produce extracellular fibers and secrete the organic substances (hyaluronan and proteins) of the extracellular matrix
  2. Fibrocytes - maintain connective tissue fibers of connective tissue proper
  3. Adipocytes (fat cells)
  4. Mesenchymal cells - stem cells that respond to local injury or infection
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31
Q

List 5 cell types that are MOBILE and can be found in connective tissue proper, then briefly state their function

A
  1. Macrophages - large phagocytic cells scattered through matrix that engulf damaged cells or pathogens that enter tissue (mobilizing body’s defenses)
  2. Mast cells - connective tissue cell; when stimulated, releases histamine, serotonin, and heparin, initiating the inflammatory response
  3. Lymphocytes - cell that plays a role in the immune response; may develop into plasma cells which produce antibodies
  4. Plasma cells - an activated B cell that secretes antibodies
  5. Microphages - phagocytic blood cells that move through connective tissues; attracted to site of infection/injury
32
Q

_________ form 3 types of fibers found in connective tissue proper.

A

Fibroblasts

33
Q

List three connective tissue fibers found in connective tissue proper, then briefly describe each…

A
  1. Collagen fibers - strong, insoluble protein fibers common in connective tissues
  2. Reticular fibers - same protein subunits as collagen fibers (arranged differently); thinner fibers that form branching, interwoven framework that is tough, yet flexible
  3. Elastic fibers - contain protein elastin; branched and wavy; after stretching can return to original length
34
Q

_________ in connective tissue proper is a clear, colorless, and viscous material that slows the spread of pathogens due to its viscosity.

A

Ground substance

35
Q

_________ connective tissue is found in many parts of embryos, including the umbilical cord.

A

Mucous (Wharton’s jelly)

36
Q

_________ tissue is the least specialized connective tissue in adults and is very loosely organized as an open framework.

A

Areolar

37
Q

In infants, certain adipose tissue is highly vascularized and contains numerous mitochondria. This is known as ______ fat.

A

White

38
Q

________ tissue have fibers that form a three-dimensional stoma that supports the function cells of such organs as the kidney, liver, and spleen.

A

Reticular

39
Q

The main type of fibers in dense connective tissue are _______ fibers.

A

Collagen

40
Q

Tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses are examples of __________ connective tissue.

A

Dense regular

41
Q

Capsules that surround organs such as the liver, kidneys, and spleen and enclose joint cavities are examples of ________ connective tissue.

A

Dense irregular

42
Q

_______ tissue is a dense connective tissue mainly made up of elastic fibers.

A

Elastic

43
Q

________ are connective tissue layers and wrappings that support and surround organs.

A

Fasciae

44
Q

The watery matrix of blood is called ________.

A

Plasma

45
Q

Name 3 types of formed elements in blood

A
  1. Red blood cells
  2. White blood cells
  3. Platelets
46
Q

Immune system cells monitor ________ fluid’s composition and responds to signs of injury and infection.

A

Lymph (lymphatic vessels)

47
Q

The root word “chondros” means ________.

A

Cartilage

48
Q

In __________, chondroitin sulfate and proteins form complexes with proteins in the ground substance called proteoglycans.

A

Cartilage matrix

49
Q

Cartilage is __________, so all exchange of nutrients and waste products taste place by diffusion through the matrix.

A

Avascular

50
Q

Cartilage is avascular. How does this affect its repair if it is damaged?

A

Cartilage heals poorly; blood vessels do not grow into cartilage because chondrocytes produce a chemical that discourages their formation

51
Q

The most common type of cartilage in the body is called _________ cartilage.

A

Hyaline

52
Q

The auricle and epiglottis are examples of __________ cartilage.

A

Elastic

53
Q

Intervertebral discs that act as shock absorbers between vertebrae are an example of what type of cartilage?

A

Fibrocartilage

54
Q

___________ cartilage growth enlarges the cartilage within and ___________ growth increases the size by adding to the outer surface.

A

Interstitial; appositional

55
Q

The root word “osteo” means ________.

A

Bone

56
Q

In bone, calcium salts make the bone hard, and __________ fibers make it somewhat flexible.

A

Collagen

57
Q

List 4 types of tissue membranes, briefly describe their structure and function.

A
  1. Mucous membranes
    - Line most of digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
    - Performs absorptive or secretory functions
  2. Serous membranes
    - Very thin, but firmly attached to body wall and to organs they cover
    - Line the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities
    - Minimize friction between surfaces it covers
  3. Cutaneous membranes
    - Covers the outer surface of the body
    - It is thick, relatively waterproof, usually dry
  4. Synovial membranes
    - Lines joint cavities
    - Produces synovial fluid within the joint to help ease friction and allow movement
58
Q

List 3 types of muscle tissues. Describe how each would look if you were observing them under a microscope.

A
  1. Skeletal muscle tissue
    - Cells are long, cylindrical, striated, and multinucleate
  2. Cardiac muscle tissue
    - Cells are short, branched, and striated
    - Interconnected by intercalated discs
  3. Smooth muscle tissue
    - Cells are short, spindle shaped, nonstriated
59
Q

What are the main functions of Skeletal Muscle Tissue?

A
  • Moves/stabilizes the position of the skeleton
  • Guards entrances and exits to the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts
  • Generates heat
  • Protects internal organs
60
Q

What are the main functions of Cardiac Muscle Tissue?

A
  • Circulates blood

- Maintains blood pressure

61
Q

What are the main functions of Smooth Muscle Tissue?

A
  • Moves food, urine, and reproductive tract secretions
  • Controls diameter of respiratory passageways
  • Regulates diameter of blood vessels
62
Q

Where would you find each type of muscle tissue?

A
  1. Skeletal muscle tissue
    - Combined with connective tissues and neural tissue in skeletal muscles
  2. Cardiac muscle tissue
    - Heart
  3. Smooth muscle tissue
    - Found in walls of blood vessels and in digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive organs
63
Q

Which muscle tissue is under voluntary control?

A

Skeletal muscle fibers

63
Q

Which muscle tissue is under voluntary control?

A

Skeletal muscle tissue

64
Q

Which muscle tissue is under involuntary control?

A
  • Cardiac muscle tissue

- Smooth muscle tissue

65
Q

Which muscle tissues have striations?

A
  • Skeletal muscle tissue

- Cardiac muscle tissue

66
Q

Which muscle tissue type contains intercalated discs?

A

Cardiac muscle tissue

67
Q

Which basic neuronal cell type constitute some of the longest cells in your body?

A

Neuron (nerve cell)

68
Q

Which basic type of neuronal cell provides support and repair of neural tissue as well as supplies nutrients to nerve fibers?

A

Neuroglia

69
Q

_________ isolates an injured area while damaged cells, tissue components, and dangerous microorganism are cleaned up.

A

Inflammation (inflammatory response)

70
Q

_________ is a repair process that restores normal function of a tissue after inflammation has subsided.

A

Regeneration

71
Q

_________ occurs after damaged or dead cells destroy the tissue.

A

Necrosis

72
Q

________ is a collection of debris, fluid, dead and dying cells, and necrotic tissue components.

A

Pus

73
Q

An accumulation of pus in an enclosed area is called a(n) _________.

A

Abscess

74
Q

Age-related reduction in bone strength can result in a condition called _________.

A

Osteoporosis

Anatomy and Physiology Lecture (12 decks)

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