Final Exam: Renal

Question 1

What are the hormones involved in reabsorption?

ADH, RAAS, ANH

Answer 1

• antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
• aldosterone (RAAS)
• atrial natriuretic hormone

Question 2

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

Answer 2

Reabsorption of water in dista; convoluted tubules and collecting ducts

Question 3

Where is ADH secreted by?

Answer 3

Posterior pituitary

Question 4

What is the function of aldosterone (RAAS)?

Answer 4

Na+ reabsorption in exchange for K+ or H

Question 5

Where is aldosterone secreted (RAAS)?

Answer 5

Adrenal cortex

Question 6

What is the function of atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)?

Answer 6

Reduces Na+ and fluid reabsorption

Question 7

Where is Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) secreted?

Answer 7

From the heart

Question 8

What are the different diagnostic tests for renal/ urinary systems?

Answer 8

• urine tests
• blood tests
• imaging

Question 9

What are the normal characteristics of urine?

C, T , P, SG, G, K, N, B, P

Answer 9

Color- pale yellow to deep ember
Turbidity- clear
Ph- 4.5-8
Specific gravity- 1.005- 1.025
Glucose- <130mg/dL
Ketones- none
Blood- none
Proteins- none

Question 10

Oliguria

Answer 10

Little urine output

Question 11

Anuria

Answer 11

No urine output

Question 12

Dysuria

Answer 12

Painful urination

Question 13

Pyuria

Answer 13

Pus in the urine

Question 14

What is urolithiasis?

Answer 14

• build up of calcium in the urinary tract

Question 15

What are the complications of urolithiasis?

Answer 15

• infection
• hydronephrosis
• dial action of calyces
• atrophy of renal tissue

Question 16

What are the two different upper urinary tract obstruction?

Answer 16

• hydroureter
• hydroenphrosis

Question 17

What is hydroureter?

Answer 17

Accumulation of urine in the ureter

Question 18

What is hydroenphrosis?

Answer 18

Enlargement of the renal pelvis and calyces

Question 19

What is cystitis?

Answer 19

Infection specific to the bladder

Question 20

What is pyelonephritis?

Answer 20

Infection specific to the kidney

Question 21

What is the etiology of UTI’s?

Answer 21

• E.coli/ other organisms

Question 22

Who/ what are the risk factors for UTI’s?

Answer 22

• women
• older men
• congenital abnormalities
• kidney stones
• incontinence
• retention
• sexual activity

Question 23

What is the clinical manifestations for UTI’s?

Answer 23

• dysuria
• urgency
• nocturia

Question 24

What are the clinical manifestations of cystitis?

F, AP, N, L

Answer 24

• fever
• abdominal pain
• nausea
• leukocytosis

Question 25

What are the clinical manifestations of pyelonephritis? F, AP, FP, N, V, L

Answer 25

* More impressive than cystitis - fever - abdominal pain - flank pain - nausea - vomiting - leukocytosis

Question 26

What is glomerulonephritis?

Answer 26

Inflammation of the glomerulus

Question 27

What are the clinical manifestations for glomerulonephritis? H, P, D/CU, F/PE, F/BP, O

Answer 27

- hematuria - proteinuria - urine is dark and cloudy - facial and periorbital edema - flank or back pain - oliguria

Question 28

What are the clinical manifestations of UTI’s Dysuria

Answer 28

- painful urination

Question 29

What causes a burning sensation during uination?

Answer 29

Urethritis

Question 30

What are the characteristics of urine when infected with bacteria?

Answer 30

- cloudy - foul - odorous - on occasion hematuria

Question 31

What are complications of a UTI?

Answer 31

Scarring and narrowing of the urethra, and damage to the kidneys

Question 32

What is urinary stasis?

Answer 32

Normal flow of urine is obstructed and slowed, urinary reflux is triggered

Question 33

What are the risk factors for pyelonephritis? RAP, UR, O

Answer 33

-recurrent acute pyelonephritis - urinary reflux - obstructions

Question 34

What is nephrolithiasis? Renal calculi

Answer 34

Kidney stones

Question 35

How do kidney stones form?

Answer 35

Solutes in the urine suck up the solution and crystallize

Question 36

What are risk factors for renal calculi?

Answer 36

- hypercalcemia - hypercalciuria

Question 37

What is the etiology of hypercalcemia? ICA, HPT

Answer 37

Increased calcium absorption in the GI or hyperparathyroidism

Question 38

What is the etiology of hypercalciuria?

Answer 38

Impaired renal tubular reabsorption of calcium

Question 39

How is kidney stones diagnosed?

Answer 39

- X- rays, ultrasound, CT - urinalysis

Question 40

What is Nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 40

Glomerulus is filtering too much protein causing proteinuria

Question 41

What is the of etiology of nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 41

Bacterial infection causes by a lower infection UTI

Question 42

What is the patho of nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 42

Damage to the glomerular basement membrane which causes an increase in permeability

Question 43

What are the complications of nephrotic syndrome? PU, HA, E, HTN, HL

Answer 43

- protienuria - hypoalbuminemia - edema - HTN - hyperlipidemia

Question 44

What are the clinical manifestations of nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 44

Edema, ascites, weight gain, hypovolemia, and foamy urine

Question 45

What are the diagnostic testing for nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 45

- urinalysis - I and O’s - PTT

Question 46

What are most cervical cancers caused by?

Answer 46

HPV

Question 47

What are risk factors for cervical cancers?

Answer 47

- unprotected sex - multiple sexual partners - smoking -compromised immune system - obesity - long term use of oral contraceptive pills - FH of cervical cancers

Question 48

What is the patho of cervical cancers?

Answer 48

The virus inserts itself into immature squamous cells changing the cells DNA ( metaplasia ) which then leads to dysplasia

Question 49

What is Carcinoma in situ?

Answer 49

Cells that appear cancerous but aren’t and do not metastasize