Final Exam: Renal Flashcards
What are the hormones involved in reabsorption?
ADH, RAAS, ANH
- antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- aldosterone (RAAS)
- atrial natriuretic hormone
What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
Reabsorption of water in dista; convoluted tubules and collecting ducts
Where is ADH secreted by?
Posterior pituitary
What is the function of aldosterone (RAAS)?
Na+ reabsorption in exchange for K+ or H
Where is aldosterone secreted (RAAS)?
Adrenal cortex
What is the function of atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)?
Reduces Na+ and fluid reabsorption
Where is Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) secreted?
From the heart
What are the different diagnostic tests for renal/ urinary systems?
- urine tests
- blood tests
- imaging
What are the normal characteristics of urine?
C, T , P, SG, G, K, N, B, P
Color- pale yellow to deep ember
Turbidity- clear
Ph- 4.5-8
Specific gravity- 1.005- 1.025
Glucose- <130mg/dL
Ketones- none
Blood- none
Proteins- none
Oliguria
Little urine output
Anuria
No urine output
Dysuria
Painful urination
Pyuria
Pus in the urine
What is urolithiasis?
- build up of calcium in the urinary tract
What are the complications of urolithiasis?
- infection
- hydronephrosis
- dial action of calyces
- atrophy of renal tissue
What are the two different upper urinary tract obstruction?
- hydroureter
- hydroenphrosis
What is hydroureter?
Accumulation of urine in the ureter
What is hydroenphrosis?
Enlargement of the renal pelvis and calyces
What is cystitis?
Infection specific to the bladder
What is pyelonephritis?
Infection specific to the kidney
What is the etiology of UTI’s?
- E.coli/ other organisms
Who/ what are the risk factors for UTI’s?
- women
- older men
- congenital abnormalities
- kidney stones
- incontinence
- retention
- sexual activity
What is the clinical manifestations for UTI’s?
- dysuria
- urgency
- nocturia
What are the clinical manifestations of cystitis?
F, AP, N, L
- fever
- abdominal pain
- nausea
- leukocytosis
What are the clinical manifestations of pyelonephritis?
F, AP, FP, N, V, L
- More impressive than cystitis
- fever
- abdominal pain
- flank pain
- nausea
- vomiting
- leukocytosis
What is glomerulonephritis?
Inflammation of the glomerulus
What are the clinical manifestations for glomerulonephritis?
H, P, D/CU, F/PE, F/BP, O
- hematuria
- proteinuria
- urine is dark and cloudy
- facial and periorbital edema
- flank or back pain
- oliguria
What are the clinical manifestations of UTI’s
Dysuria
- painful urination
What causes a burning sensation during uination?
Urethritis
What are the characteristics of urine when infected with bacteria?
- cloudy
- foul
- odorous
- on occasion hematuria
What are complications of a UTI?
Scarring and narrowing of the urethra, and damage to the kidneys
What is urinary stasis?
Normal flow of urine is obstructed and slowed, urinary reflux is triggered
What are the risk factors for pyelonephritis?
RAP, UR, O
-recurrent acute pyelonephritis
- urinary reflux
- obstructions
What is nephrolithiasis?
Renal calculi
Kidney stones
How do kidney stones form?
Solutes in the urine suck up the solution and crystallize
What are risk factors for renal calculi?
- hypercalcemia
- hypercalciuria
What is the etiology of hypercalcemia?
ICA, HPT
Increased calcium absorption in the GI or hyperparathyroidism
What is the etiology of hypercalciuria?
Impaired renal tubular reabsorption of calcium
How is kidney stones diagnosed?
- X- rays, ultrasound, CT
- urinalysis
What is Nephrotic syndrome?
Glomerulus is filtering too much protein causing proteinuria
What is the of etiology of nephrotic syndrome?
Bacterial infection causes by a lower infection UTI
What is the patho of nephrotic syndrome?
Damage to the glomerular basement membrane which causes an increase in permeability
What are the complications of nephrotic syndrome?
PU, HA, E, HTN, HL
- protienuria
- hypoalbuminemia
- edema
- HTN
- hyperlipidemia
What are the clinical manifestations of nephrotic syndrome?
Edema, ascites, weight gain, hypovolemia, and foamy urine
What are the diagnostic testing for nephrotic syndrome?
- urinalysis
- I and O’s
- PTT
What are most cervical cancers caused by?
HPV
What are risk factors for cervical cancers?
- unprotected sex
- multiple sexual partners
- smoking
-compromised immune system - obesity
- long term use of oral contraceptive pills
- FH of cervical cancers
What is the patho of cervical cancers?
The virus inserts itself into immature squamous cells changing the cells DNA ( metaplasia ) which then leads to dysplasia
What is Carcinoma in situ?
Cells that appear cancerous but aren’t and do not metastasize
