Exam 3: Respiratory Flashcards
What is hypercapnia?
Excessive carbon dioxide in the blood stream due to inadequate breathing
What is hypocapnia?
Inadequate carbon dioxide in the blood stream due to deep or rapid breathing
What is hypoxic drive?
Low levels of oxygen then stimulate the respiratory drive
What is carbonic drive?
Normal and is stimulated by elevated levels of CO2
What is dyspnea?
Difficulty breathing
What is apnea?
No breathing
What is orthopnea?
Difficulty breathing while lying down
What is clubbing a sign of?
Chronic hypoxia
What is paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea?
Awakening from sleep with shortness of breath and need to sit upright to feel at ease
What is Hemoptysis ?
Coughing up blood
What is emphysema?
Alveolar sacs pop
How is TB transported?
Repertory droplets
What causes TB
Mycobacterium TB which is an acid fast bacillus
What are the clinical manifestations of TB?
- dry cough
- fatguie
- malaise
- anorexia
- weight loss
- low grade fevers
- night sweats
- dyspnea
-hemoptysis
What are the complications of TB?
- respiratory failure
- pleural effusions
- angina
What are the different types of influenza?
A, B, C
What is influenza A and B responsible for?
Annual regional flu epidemics (flu season)
What is influenza c responsible for?
Mild illness but not epidemics or pandemics
How is the flu transmitted?
- person to person via respiratory droplets
How does the influenza virus spread?
- multiply and spread throughout the cells lining of the URT
What happens if the influenza virus manages to infect the LRT?
- pt usually develop pneumonia
- weakens the immune system
What are the risk factors for influenza viral infection?
- children 5 years of age
- adults over 65
- pt who are pregnant
- chronic heart or lung disease
What are the clinical manifestations of the flu?
H, F, C, FAT, W, MAA, RN, ND, ST, C
- headaches
-fever
-chills
-fatigue
-weakness - muscle aches
-runny nose, watery nasal discharge - sore throat
-cough
What is a complication of influence B?
GI problems like nausea and vomiting
What are the diagnostics test available to diagnose influenza?
RMA, RIDT
- rapid molecular assay
- rapid influenza diagnostic test
What do the influenza diagnostic test detect?
detect viral RNA
What is Tuberculosis?
Infectious disease that primarily affects the respiratory tract caused by mycobacterium TB
What are the risk factors for contracting TB?
CC, LICA, HCF, LATHC, UV, H, DA
- close contact with infected individuals
- living in crowded areas
- working in healthcare facilities
- having limited access to healthcare
-unvaccinated - homelessness
-IV or drug abuse
What are the clinical manifestations of an asthma attack?
W, SOB, A
- wheezing
- shortness of breath
- angina
What is asthma?
Chronic inflammatory disease of the airways
What is the etiology of asthma?
- unknown
- genetic
- enviormental
What enchant medications trigger asthma symptoms?
Aspirin
Beta blockers
What is the patho of an asthma attack?
Mast cells and basophils are stimulated and release chemical mediators (histamine and leukotienes) causing smooth muscle in the bronchioles to spasm, the causing goblet cells to produce and abundance of mucus
What does chronic inflammation lead to?
Scarring and fibrosis which can permanently reduce airway diameter
What is the diagnostic tested used to asses asthma?
FVC, and PEFR for emergencies
