Exam 2- Diabetes And Hormone Imbalance Flashcards
What is the etiology of type two diabetes?
Poor diet, genetics insulin resistance and hormonal diseases
What is the onset of type two diabetes?
Insulin resistance, environment factors, and weight gain
What is the pathophysiology of type two diabetes?
Defective insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells, and the inability of insulin sense of tissue to respond appropriately to insulin 
What are the clinical manifestations of type two diabetes?
Weight gain or loss polyuria, bird vision, poor wound healing, and excessive, hunger or thirst
What are the most common diagnostic tests for diabetes mellitus?
- fasting glucose level
- hemoglobin A1c level
- glucose tolerance test
- ABG
- urinalysis
What is the normal glucose range?
74 to 106 mg/dL
What are the counter regulatory hormones for insulin?
Glucagon, epinephrine, growth, hormone and cortisol 
Where are most insulin receptors located? 
Skeltah muscle, fat and liver cells
What is A1c?
A diagnostic test to assess the amount of glucose levels attached to hemoglobin
What are cause of DKA?
- Profound deficiency of insulin
What are acute complications of DKA?
- Hyperglycemia
- ketosis
- acidosis
- profound dehydration
What are the risk factors for type 2 dm
- Overweight
- advanced age
- family history
- ethnic group
What are chronic complication of diabetes?
- Stroke
- hypertension
-neuropathy - glaucoma
- coronary artery disease
- gangrene
What is the chronic complications of Angiopathy?
- Damage to blood vessels
- macrovascular= PVD and stroke
- microvascular complications= retinopathy and nephropathy
where is ADH produced?
hypothalmus
ADH stored and released by
posterior pituitary
what is the function of ADH?
water retention
what are disorders of ADH
DI, S
- diabetes insipidus
- SIADH
what is the hormone that reverses ADH?
V
vasopressinase
what is paraneoplastic syndrome?
it is when tumor releases hormones, such as ADH
what is the patho of SIADH?
IADH, WR, HNa+, DSO
- Too much ADH
- water retention
- hyponatremia
- decreased serum osmolality
what are the clinical manifestations for SIADH?
DU, MW, HNa+
- decreased urination
- muscle weakness
- hyponatremia
what are the clinical manifestations for hyponatremia?
CE, H, C, N, V, MW, AMS
- cerebral edema = increased ICP
- Headache
- cramps
- nausea
- vomiting
- muscle weakness
- altered mental status- confusion, lethargy, forgetfulness
how is SIADH diagnosed?
BT, UT
- Blood test
- urine test
what is the function of cortisol?
SRH, RIR, M
- stress releasing hormone
- Regulates immune respone
- metabolism
where is cortisol released from?
ZF of AC
zona fasciculata of adrenal cortex
what are the two diseases that are onset by cortisol disorders?
- Addison’s disease
- Cushing’s syndrome
what is addison’s disease?
decrease
when the adrenal glands produce insufficient amounts of the hormone cortisol and sometimes aldosterone, too
what is cushing’s disease?
increase
A condition that occurs from exposure to high cortisol levels for a long time.
what is the etiology of Addison’s disease?
AID, TB, MC, H, T, MIOC
- Autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortical cells
- TB
- metastatic carcinoma
- HIV
- Toxins
- Medications that inhibit cortisol
what is the patho of Adrenal insuffiency syndrome?
AC–> DCL–> OAPG–> IACTH–> IACTH
Damaged adrenal cortex leads to low cortisol levels which leads to overactive pituatary gland which leads to more Adrenocorticotropic hormone in the blood stream which leads to the adrenal cortex being unable to respond to Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
what are the clincal manifesations of Addison’s disease?
hypocortisolism and hypoaldosteronism
how is addison’s disease diagnosed?
CA, LT, CAT, ACTHST
- History/clinical assessment
- Lab test
- CT/MRI scan
- ACTH stimulation test
what is the etiology of cushing’s disease?
E, E, I
- endogenic
- ectopic
- iatrogenic
what is the pathophysiology for Cushing’s disease?
high level of cortisol production from adrenal cortex
what is high level of cortisol production from adrenal cortex?
disorder caused by long-term administration of glucocorticoid-containing products
what is Cushing’s syndrome characteristics?
- moon face
- buffalo hump
- truncal obesity
what are the clinical manifestations of cushing disease?
MW, F, TE, ST, EB, PWH, SM, MD, A
- muscle wasting
- fractures
- thin extremities
- skin thinning
- easy bruising
- poor wound healing
- strecth marks
- mental disturbances
- amenorrhea
what are the complications of cushing disease?
- high glucose and insulin levels
- hypertension
- lower immunity and inflammatory response
- impairs brain and gonad functions
what is a Dexamethasone suppression test?
blood analysis for cortisol levels after administration of synthetic glucocorticoid
what should happen when a Dexamethasone suppression test is administered ?
cortisol levels should decrease after
how is cushing disease diagnosed?
- clinacl assessment
- Urine test
- Blood/saliva test
- imaging
- Dexamethasone suppression test
what kind of hormones are released when stressed?
- epinephrine
- norepinephrine
- aldosterone
- cortisol
- ADH
what are the effects on stress on the systems?
P, IBP, IBG, DIR, IADH, IBV
- pallor
- increased bp
- increased blood glucose
- lower immune response
- increased water retention
- blood volume
what kind of chronic disease does stress cause?
HD, C, DLE, IAA, AA
- Heart disease
- cancer
- decreased life expectancy
- increased asthma attack
- alchol abuse
what is Nonketotic Coma?
characterized by marked hyperglycemia, hyperosmolarity, severe dehydration, occasional neurological signs, obtunded sensorium, and absence of ketonemia or acidosis.
what is hyperthyrodism?
speeds up the body’s metabolism which causes many symptoms, such as weight loss, hand tremors, and rapid or irregular heartbeat.
waht is hypothyroidism?
disrupt such things as heart rate, body temperature, and all aspects of metabolism.
